Probiotic viability as affected by encapsulation materials: recent updates and perspectives

Figures & data

Figure 1. Mechanism of actions of probiotics.

Figure 2. Comparison of probiotics in gut before and after encapsulation.

Figure 3. Process of microencapsulation.

Figure 4. Techniques used to encapsulate probiotics.

Table 1. Researches reported on use of different coating materials with different probiotics and techniques.

Genera	Bacterial strain	Coating material	Technique	Results	Storage time	Particle size (μm)	References
Bifidobacterium	Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12	Sodium alginate + pectin	Emulsion	A rather high encapsulation efficiency (>92%) was attained.	30 days	<100	^[Citation49]
	Bifidobacterium BB-12	Alginate + Canola oil	Emulsion	Bifidobacterium BB-12 was shielded by the encapsulated bacteria’s resistance to the simulated gastrointestinal conditions.	120 days	54–55	^[Citation50]
	Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12	Alginate	Extrusion	By microencapsulating the probiotic bacteria, the vitality of the bacteria was substantially preserved.	90 days	500–1000	^[Citation51]
	Bifidobacterium lactis	Xanthan gum + Gellan Gum	Extrusion	According to rheological tests, B. lactis might be enclosed in the gum mixture and added to soft meals and beverages.	21 days	20–2200	^[Citation52]
	Bifidobacterium bifidum (CECT)	Alginate + Chitosan	Extrusion + Lyophilisation	3% bile solution and simulated stomach conditions (pH 2.0, 2 hours) did not harm microencapsulated B. bifidum.	Not determined	340–360	^[Citation53]
	Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis	Alginate, Chitosan	Extrusion by vibrating nozzle	When used in different nutritional treatments, hydrogel beads have the potential to significantly increase the stability and effectiveness of bifidobacterial probiotics.	10 days	310–340	^[Citation54]
	Bifidobacterium animalisspp lactis NCC 2818 (BL818)	Hydroxypropyl cellulose – poloxamer, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose	Fluidized bed drying	In general, the reconstitution temperature was better protected by this particular microencapsulation.	Not determined	55.6–132.7	^[Citation41]
	Bifidobacterium PL1	Modified starch	Spray drying	After perfecting the air aspiration settings, maximum recovery yields of 30% were achieved.	20 days	5	^[Citation55]
Lactobacillus	Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5	Gelatin + Gum Arabic	complex coacervation + Freeze dying	High encapsulation efficiency microcapsules were obtained by the technique (77.60% and 87.53%).	120 days at −18°C	227.05	^[Citation47]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM	Alginate, Guar Gum, Xanthan Gum, Bean Gum, Carrageenan Gum	Emulsion	In example, xanthan gum and carrageenan gum found to be just as efficient as alginate at shielding probiotic cells from adverse environmental factors.	2 weeks	Not Determined	^[Citation56]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1	Alginate + Corn Starch+ Guar gum,	Extrusion	With alginate beads, cells that included prebiotics fared substantially better than cells that did not.	Not Determined	15–180	^[Citation57]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 14	Alginate + Resistant starch + Chitosan	Extrusion + Lyophilization	The size of the wet particles was raised by the addition of prebiotics and chitosan. probiotics were better protected when the wet microparticles were exposed to simulated stomach and intestinal fluids.	135 days	112.5, 114.5	^[Citation58]
	Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393,	Alginate, Chitosan, Carboxymethyl chitosan	Extrusion	product might raise L. casei cell counts to 10^8cfu/g in the dry condition.	1 month	2200 ± 100	^[Citation59]
	LacticaseibacilluscaseiCRL431	Sodium caseinates + canola oil, Sodium caseinates + Gellan gum + Canola oil	Emulsion	The study’s encapsulating method provides a high-density gel network with low viscosity.	Not determined	287–399	^[Citation11]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5	Κ-Carrageenan + Corn oil	Emulsion	By microencapsulating the probiotic bacteria, the viability was kept in a high level.	90 days	500–1000	^[Citation51]
	Lactobacillus helveticusR0052	Pectin + Canola oil, Whey protein isolate	Emulsion	In gastrointestinal circumstances, green tea extracts offered the cells greater protection.	Not determined	90–130	^[Citation60]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus PTCC 1643,	Alginate + Canola oil, Yeast cell wall	Emulsion	We can infer that probiotics can be adequately shielded by S. cerevisiae’s cell wall component.	Not determined	90–117	^[Citation61]
	Lactobacillus plantarum 299 v	Alginate, Whey protein	Extrusion + Lyophilization	Whey proteins are a practical, affordable, and effective substance for coating alginate beads filled with bacteria, according to preliminary research.	180 minutes at 37°C	Not determined	^[Citation62]
	Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG ATCC 53,103	Whey protein isolate	Extrusion by vibrating nozzle	This research resulted in the design and development of a protein encapsulating polymer for enhanced probiotic protection based on congruent matrix interactions.	24 h at 4°C	200	^[Citation63]
	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Alginate, Chitosan + Lactoferrin + Sodium Caseinates, Chitosan + Dextran Sulphated	Extrusion, layer by layer	Hybrid-coated microbeads displayed improved physical stability and a little decline in culturability of 3.8 log units.	2 days	130 ± 47	^[Citation64]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus La5	Pectin + Unsalted butter, Whey proteins isolate	Ionic gelation + Complex coacervation	Ionic gelation and complexed coacervation microencapsulated L. acidophilus LA-5 to reduce post-acidification in probiotic yogurts and preserve the microbe.	35 days	230–270	^[Citation60]
	Lactobacillus acidophilus TISTR 1338	Alginate + Egg Albumin + Stearic acid	Emulsion + Electro spraying + Fluidized bed drying	The number of cells that survived in the moist-heated microcapsules increased considerably.	Not Determined	450 ± 50	^[Citation40]
	Lactobacillus casei 01	Alginate, Alginate + Poly-L-lysine, Chitosan, Alginate	Extrusion	In all treatments, chitosan-coated alginate beads offered L. casei the best defense.	Not determined	1890	^[Citation65]
	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 220	Alginate + Xanthan gum + Inulin + Olive oil	Emulsion, Extrusion	Extrusion microencapsulation was the most effective technique for prolonging Lactobacillus plantarum’s survivability to gastrointestinal digestion.	30 days	600–900, 1860–2250	^[Citation66]
	Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826	Alginate, Pectin, Chitosan	Extrusion	The chitosan-coated beads outperformed the uncoated beads in terms of the survival of the cells in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.5).	4 weeks	2500–3500	^[Citation67]
Saccharomyces	Saccharomycopsisfibuligera VIT-MN04,	Alginate + Pearl millet bran gum, Whey protein isolate, Chitosan, Oat bran gum	Extrusion + Lyophilisation	The highest encapsulation efficiency of probiotic yeasts was seen when oat bran gum was used.	60 days	750–800	^[Citation13]
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii DSM 27,112	Gum Arabic + β- Cyclodextrin, Hydrogenated palm oil	Spray drying + Spray Chilling	B. bifidum microencapsulation increased survival in simulated stomach and intestinal environments. Furthermore, microencapsulated probiotic bacteria may survive at temperatures as high as 80°C.	Not determined	4.88–24.06	^[Citation31]

Table 2. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid based material for encapsulation of probiotics.

Type	Material	Extraction	References
Protein	Animal source		^[Citation86]
	Gelatine	Skin and bones of cows and pigs.
	Casein	Skim Milk
	Whey Protein Concentrate	Milk
	Whey Protein Isolate	Milk
	Egg White	Egg
	Caseinates	Acid casein
	Vegetable Source		^[Citation86–88]
	Corn (Zein)	Germ of corn
	Pea
	Wheat
	Soy
Polysaccharides	Anionic Polysaccharides
	Alginate	seaweed	^[Citation60]
	Pectin	Citrus fruit
	Carrageenan	Red algae	^[Citation89]
	Xanthan gum	Sugar	^[Citation90–92]
	Gellan Gum	cultures of Sphingomonas elodea
	Gum Arabic	Acacia senegal
	Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose	Wood and cotton	^[Citation93]
	Cellulose Gum	Wood pulp
	Carboxymethyl Chitin	cuticles of various crustaceans, principally crabs and shrimps
	Cationic Polysaccharides
	Chitosan	shrimp shell waste	^[Citation53]
	Non-ionic Polysaccharides
	Starch	Wheat, Potato, Tapiaco	^[Citation94]
	Maltodextrin	Corn, rice, potato, starch, wheat	^[Citation95]
	Guar gum	plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	^[Citation96]
	Cellulose ethers	chemical modification of cellulose	^[Citation97]
	Amphoteric Polysaccharides
	carboxymethyl chitosan	Chitosan	^[Citation98,Citation99]
Lipids	Fats
	Animal Source		^[Citation90,Citation100]
	Fish oil	Anchovies, Sardines, Herring, Eels
	Butter	Whole milk
	Pork oil	Fatty tissue
	Plant source
	Sunflower	seeds
	Corn	corn
	Olive oil	Olea europaea
	Waxes
	Bees wax	Honey bees	^[Citation47]
	Candelilla wax	Shrub
	Carnauba wax	Brazilian palm Copernicia cerifera Martius
	Paraffin wax	petroleum
	Oxidized polyethylene	oxidative degradation
	Phospholipids
	phosphatidylserine	brain or soybean	^[Citation101]
	Phosphatidic acid	Glycerol, fatty acids
	Phosphatidylethanolamine	Rhodococcuserythropolis
	Phosphatidylcholine	soybean lecithin

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Data availability statement

Even though adequate data has been given in the form of tables and figures, however, all authors declare that if more data required then the data will be provided on request basis.