Effect of starch-based nanoparticles on the viability and stability of probiotics under adverse conditions

Figures & data

Table 1. Preparation of Gastric and intestinal stock solution.

Gastric Stock	Chemicals	HCL	NaCl	Pepsin
Solution	Concentrations	0.08M	0.2%	0.3%
Intestinal Stock	Chemicals	KH2PO4	Bile salts	Pancreatic juice
solution	Concentrations	0.05 M	0.6%	0.1%

Table 2. Descriptive analysis of nano-encapsulated particle size.

Descriptive Analysis
Variable: Nanoparticle Size (nm)
Treatments	Mean ±SD	Std. Error
F1	332.67±3.06^b	1.76
F2	427.00±6.25^a	3.61
F3	257.00±6.56^c	3.79
F4	217.67±7.51^d	4.33
Average	308.58±83.60	24.13

Mean that do not share a similar letter are significantly different at level (p < .05)

Table 3. The effect of Zeta potential.

Descriptive Analysis
Variable: Zeta Potential (mv)
Treatments	Mean ±SD	Std. Error
F1	−17.01 ± 0.04^b	0.02
F2	−18.22 ± 0.03^a	0.02
F3	−16.53 ± 0.03^c	0.01
F4	−14.23 ± 0.04^d	0.02
Average	−16.50 ± 1.51	0.44

Values are given in (Mean ± SD)

Table 4. Polydispersity Index.

Treatments	Mean ±SD	Std. Error
F1	0.63 ± 0.02^c	0.01
F2	0.73 ± 0.01^b	0.01
F3	0.63 ± 0.03^a	0.01
F4	0.23 ± 0.02^d	0.01
Average	0.57 ± 0.21	0.06

Values are given in (Mean ± SD)

Table 5. Encapsulation Efficiency.

Descriptive Analysis
Variable: Effect of Encapsulation
Treatments	Initial count (Log CFU/g)	Final count (log CFU/g)	Percentage efficiency
F1	8.543±0.021^c	8.047±0.025^c	94.2%
F2	8.603±0.031^b	8.257±0.015^b	95.22%
F3	8.247±0.025^d	7.387±0.025^d	89.11%
F4	9.430±0.030^a	8.583±0.031^a	91.2%
Average	8.706±0.459	8.393±0.154

Values are given in (Mean ± SD)

Mean that do not share a similar letter are significantly different at level (p < .05)

Figure 1. (a) SEM image of encapsulated probiotic with 2% water chestnut starch nanoparticles, (b) encapsulated probiotic with 1% (water chestnut starch nanoparticles, (c) encapsulated probiotic with 1% (rice starch nanoparticles), (d) encapsulated probiotic with 2% (rice starch nanoparticles).

Figure 2. Effect of nano-encapsulated probiotic starch nanoparticles on crystallography by XRD.

Figure 3. FTIR spectra of nano-encapsulated probiotic starch nanoparticles.

Figure 4. Release behavior of encapsulated probiotics under simulated gastric fluid (SGF).

Figure 5. Release behavior of encapsulated probiotics under stimulated Intestinal conditions (SIF).

Figure 6. The thermal resistance of free and nano-encapsulated probiotic.

Data availability statement

Even though adequate data has been given in the form of tables and figures, all authors declare that if more data is required, the data will be provided on a request basis.