The acquisition of Polarity Items in L3/Ln Catalan by speakers of English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish: implications for L3/Ln development theorising and language teaching

Figures & data

Table 1. The cross-linguistic licensing of PIs in non-veridical contexts.

Figure 1. Screenshot of an experimental item in the conditional structure of the non-veridical context (‘Carla says she will call you if the witness speaks to the lawyer’// Carla: ‘I will call you if the witness says anything’. False / True).

Figure 2. Proportion of existential vs single negation readings in the Question condition.

Figure 3. Visualisation of the L1*Proficiency interaction in the statistical model.

Figure 4. Proportion of existential vs single negation readings in the Conditional condition.

Figure 5. Visualisation of the L1*Proficiency interaction in the statistical model.

Data availability statement

The experimental materials for the three tasks (background questionnaire, proficiency task and truth-value judgement task) will be made available upon acceptance for publication on the IRIS database (www.irisdatabase.org). The raw data will be made available upon request.