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The urban area data used in this study can be accessed through the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, which were derived from the Chinese urban built-up area dataset (1992 ~ 2020)V1.0 (https://doi.org/10.11888/HumanNat.tpdc.272851).The socio-economic data was available at the China City Statistical Yearbook (https://data.cnki.net/yearBook/). The urban population data from population census data can be obtained through https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/. The geographic auxiliary data can be accessed through the National Geomatics Center of China (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/). The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.