Ethylene mediated physiological response for in vitro development of salinity tolerant tomato

Figures & data

Figure 1. Global climate change, tomato production in response to salinity stress and management practices. Population rise causes increasing demand for tomato production which is limited due to increased salinity stress from climate change, worldwide. The management practices and ethylene mediated tomato salinity stress response to improve productivity under high salt condition (A). Tentative timeline diagram to explain salinity stress response in tomato mediated via ethylene synthesis, signaling, and cross talk (B).

Figure 2. Distribution of salinity. Current data of mapping showing salinity affected land area (Mha) in (A) and in India (B) The largest salinity affected world’s regions: (I) middle east, (II) Australia, (III) North Africa, and (IV) USSR (C), and Indian states: (a) Gujarat and (b) Uttar Pradesh. Source: (Hossain 2019).

Table 1. Response of tomato varieties/cultivars/transgenics to salinity stress.

Sl. No.	Tomato variety/cultivar/transgenic	Improved physiological attributes	Affected physiological characters	Degree of sensitivity	Tolerance/Susceptibility	Reference
1.	Simge F1		Growth and fruit quality	+++++	Susceptible	Johnson et al. (2003)
2.	Edkawy	Plant growth, fruit weight and size	−	+	Tolerant	Johnson et al. (2003)
3.	Rams and C10	Seed germination, plant height, fresh biomass, dry weight and leaf number, and K, N, Na and Ca content	−	+	Tolerant	Al-Daej (2018)
4.	Super strain B, Mahaly and Super Marmand 1	−	Seed germination and dry matter yield	+++++	Susceptible	Al-Daej (2018)
5.	Shed	Stomatal density, width, area andarea index	−	+++++	Susceptible	Guo et al. (2018)
6.	Alam	−	Stomatal traits	+	Tolerant	Guo et al. (2018)
7.	Potima	By increasing the total soluble solids and titratable acidity	−	+	Tolerant	Rodríguez-Ortega et al. (2019)
8.	Transgenic overexpressing Na^+/H^+ antiport	Vacuolar sequestration of Na^+ and K^+, and vegetative and flower growth, and fruit yield	−	+	Tolerant	Zhang and Blumwald (2001)
9.	Transgenic with osmotin	Cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, proteins and membrane defense, compatible solute-betaines, sugars, polyols, and amino acids contents, and ROS scavenging	−	+	Tolerant	Krishna et al. (2019)
10.	Transgenic with SlERF5	Relative water content	−	+	Tolerant	Pan et al. (2012)
11.	Boludo	Improved antioxidant system	−	+	Tolerant	García-Martí et al. (2019)
12.	Nathen and Jinpeng	Stmatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis	−	+	Tolerant	Yang et al. (2019)
13.	Cervil and Levovil	−	Proteome variation linked to salinity stress	+++++	Susceptible	Manaa et al. (2011)
14.	Roma, and Marmande	Proteomic analysis, and root growth, leaf accumulation of Na^+, and leaf K/Na ratio	−	+	Tolerant	Manaa et al. (2011)

Figure 3. Ethylene metabolism in response to salinity stress in tomato plant. Salinity stress symptoms appear in tomato young and old leaves, and modulated expression of ACS and ACO (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase) by salinity stress induce sanity stress response in tomato (A). Inhibition of ethylene synthesis and ethylene action by ethylene inhibitors mitigates various adverse effects of sanity stress in tomato plant, and thereby improved productivity (B).

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