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Original Article

Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1404-1414 | Received 15 Feb 2016, Accepted 25 Jul 2016, Published online: 13 Sep 2016

Figures & data

Table 1. Average measured total-Ti concentrations, and subsequently calculated TiO2 concentrations, in selected, representative Dutch food products, raw (cow) milk, and food supplements. See Supplementary Material Table SM-2 for further details. Samples rich in calcium were analysed by ICP-HRMS, others by ICP-QMS. LOQ = 0.05 mg Ti/kg product.

Table 2. Estimated long-term intake, and lifelong daily intake, of TiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles from food products, food supplements and toothpaste (only children 2–6 years old) ingested by the Dutch population, assuming that the population would vary in the products consumed and thus would be exposed to an average TiO2 concentration of products.

Table 3. Top 10 of food items reported in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS), food supplements and toothpaste (only children 2–6 years old) contributing most to the TiO2 intake using average TiO2 concentrations. The percentage of the contribution per item is indicated in parentheses.

Table 4. Intake estimations of TiO2 per age group as calculated by the present study, and by other comparable studies.

Supplemental material

Supplementary Materials

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