Effect of dietary cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L] walp) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds on growth performance, blood parameters and breast meat fatty acids in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Diets ingredients and nutrient composition (as-dry matter basis).

Items	Starter diets (0–21 d)					Finisher diets (22–42 d)
	SBM	CWP		CKP		SBM	CWP		CKP
		10	20	10	20		10	20	10	20
Ingredients, %
Corn	57.85	51.89	45.94	50.77	43.44	66.15	59.88	53.81	58.62	51.40
Soybean meal	31.20	26.90	22.60	28.10	25.00	23.00	19.00	14.90	20.10	17.00
Cowpea meal	0.00	10.00	20.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.00	20.00	0.00	0.00
Chickpea meal	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.00	20.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.00	20.00
Corn gluten meal	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
Soy oil	1.90	2.20	2.50	2.20	2.70	2.50	2.80	3.00	3.00	3.40
Monocalcium phosphate	1.67	1.65	1.63	1.63	1.63	1.34	1.34	1.34	1.34	1.34
Calcium carbonate	1.48	1.48	1.48	1.48	1.48	1.27	1.27	1.27	1.28	1.27
Salt	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28
L-Lysine	0.29	0.25	0.21	0.20	0.13	0.21	0.16	0.12	0.12	0.05
Dl-Methionine	0.25	0.27	0.28	0.26	0.26	0.17	0.19	0.20	0.18	0.18
Choline chloride (50%)	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08
Premix vitamin-mineral^a	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Calculated composition, %
ME (MJ/kg)	12.68	12.68	12.68	12.68	12.67	13.23	13.22	13.22	13.23	13.22
Crude protein	22.0	22.0	22.0	22.0	22.0	19.0	19.0	19.0	19.0	19.0
Lysine, total	1.32	1.32	1.32	1.32	1.32	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05
Lysine, digestible	1.20	1.19	1.18	1.19	1.18	0.94	0.93	0.93	0.93	0.92
TSAA	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83
Threonine, total	0.75	0.74	0.74	0.75	0.75	0.63	0.62	0.62	0.63	0.63
Tryptophan, total	0.23	0.22	0.22	0.23	0.23	0.19	0.18	0.17	0.18	0.18
Calcium	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76
Available phosphorous	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38
Crude fat	4.82	4.87	4.91	4.84	5.05	5.63	6.01	6.31	5.83	5.94
Crude fibre	2.80	3.06	3.33	3.10	3.40	2.55	2.83	3.10	2.86	3.16
Analysed composition, %
Dry matter	88.81	88.54	87.97	88.63	88.82	90.02	89.89	89.98	89.58	89.40
Crude protein	22.09	21.85	21.92	22.02	22.03	18.88	18.92	18.90	18.95	18.97
Crude fat	4.64	4.78	4.82	4.80	4.93	5.42	5.61	6.11	5.70	5.82
Crude fibre	2.85	3.17	3.43	3.16	3.41	2.57	2.78	3.15	3.03	3.22
Calcium	0.88	0.90	0.89	0.90	0.93	0.75	0.77	0.78	0.78	0.79
Total phosphorous	0.74	0.75	0.76	0.74	0.76	0.64	0.65	0.67	0.66	0.68

SBM: soybean meal; CWP: cowpea; CKP: chickpea; ME: metabolizable energy; TSAA: total sulphur amino acids (methionine + cysteine).

^aSupplied per kg diet: 4.47 mg retinyl acetate; 0.12 mg cholecalciferol; 80 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate; 4 mg menadione sodium bisulphite; 4 mg thiamine mononitrate; 9 mg riboflavin; 4 mg pyridoxine-HCl; 0.020 mg cyanocobalamin; 15 mg Ca-panthotenate; 60 mg niacin; 2 mg folic acid; 100 mg Mn; 100 mg Zn; 40 mg Fe; 15 mg Cu; 1.0 mg I; 0.30 mg Se; 0.25 mg Co; 0.2 g Axtra PHY 5000 L (1000 FTU).

Table 2. Determined composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds.

Item	Cowpea (cv. Ofelia)	Chickpea (cv. Burnas)
Nutrient, g/kg DM
Dry matter	899.70	895.90
AME^a (MJ/kg)	12.80	12.70
Crude protein	295.40	233.90
Ether extract	13.10	44.40
Crude fibre	51.30	53.80
Ash	43.50	60.10
NFE	640.2	667.90
Calcium	23.30	23.10
Phosphorous, total	62.80	62.60
Antinutrients
TIA, TIU/mg	5.40	10.20
UA, pH change	0.29	0.34
Amino acids, g/100g
Lysine	1.84	1.88
TSAA	0.68	0.79
Threonine	1.22	1.02
Arginine	1.78	2.01
Leucine	1.83	1.93
Isoleucine	1.20	0.91
Tyrosine	0.71	0.63
Phenylalanine	1.39	1.25
Valine	1.15	0.96
Aspartic acid	2.59	2.90
Glutamic acid	5.67	4.97
Serine	0.97	1.25
Glycine	0.73	0.92
Alanine	1.06	1.41
Fatty acids, % of total FAME
Lauric (C12:0)	0.19	0.09
Myristic (C14:0)	0.37	0.25
Pentadecanoic (C15:0)	0.25	0.12
Palmitic (C16:0)	24.14	10.34
Palmitoleic (C16:1)	0.18	0.27
Heptadecaenoic (C17:0)	0.34	ND
Stearic (C18:0)	5.11	1.41
Oleic (C18:1n-9)	9.17	29.23
Linoleic (C18:2n-6)	32.04	54.97
Alfa-linolenic (C18:3n-3)	20.74	2.71
Heneicosenoic (C21:0)	0.90	0.35
Eicosadienoic (C20:2n-6)	ND	0.26
Docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3)	6.58	ND
Total n-6 PUFA^b	32.04	55.23
Total n-3 PUFA^c	27.32	2.71
n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio	1.17	20.38

NFE: nitrogen-free extract; TIA: trypsin inhibitor activity; TIU: trypsin international units; UA: urease assay; FAME: fatty acid methyl esters; ND: measured but not detected; AME: apparent metabolizable energy; TSAA: total sulphur amino acids (methionine + cysteine); PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^aCalculated value: European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs (WPSA. 1989).

^bTotal n-6 PUFA: sum of C18:2n-6 + C20:2n-6.

^cTotal n-3 PUFA: sum of C18:3n-3 + C22:6n-3.

Table 3. Effects of dietary treatments on growth performance of broiler chickens.

Items	Dietary treatments					SEM	p-Value^a treatments	p-Value^b
	SBM	10CWP	20CWP	10CKP	20CKP			Source (S)	Level (L)	S × L
Starter (d 0–21)
BWG, g/bird	1,004	1,006	1,034	1,013	1,001	14.82	.176	.118	.856	.319
FI, g/bird	1,273	1,275	1,303	1,284	1,273	22.37	.354	.462	.664	.167
FCR, g:g	1.27	1.27	1.26	1.27	1.27	0.02	.737	.668	.536	.668
Finisher (d 22-42)
BWG, g/bird	1,710	1,739	1,761	1,707	1,685	28.65	.200	.963	.903	.746
FI, g/bird	3,445	3,473	3,512	3,439	3,388	67.34	.367	.597	.504	.611
FCR, g:g	2.01	2.00	1.99	2.01	2.01	0.03	.626	.526	.595	.505
Overall (d 0-42)
IBW, g/bird	43.2	43.5	43.4	43.4	43.3	0.32	.588	.023	.587	.804
FBW, g/bird	2,758	2,788	2,839	2,764	2,729	61.56	.112	.351	.966	.351
BWG, g/bird	2,714	2,745	2,795	2,720	2,686	43.06	.445	.346	.861	.344
FI, g/bird	4,718	4,748	4,815	4,723	4,660	76.71	.272	.206	.852	.875
FCR, g:g	1.74	1.73	1.72	1.74	1.74	0.05	.237	.668	.586	.668

SBM: soybean meal; CWP: cowpea; CKP: chickpea; IBW: initial body weight; FBW: final body weight; BWG: body weight gain; FI: feed intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio; SEM: standard error of the mean of all treatments.

^aData were analysed as a monofactorial arrangement, including SBM dietary treatment.

^bData were analysed excluding SBM dietary treatment.

Table 4. Effects of dietary treatments on blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens.

Items	Dietary treatments					SEM	p Value^d treatments	p Value^e
	SBM	CWP10	CWP20	CKP10	CKP20			Source (S)	Level (L)	S × L
Plasma energy profile
Glucose, mg/dL	290.54^a	256.73^b	265.40^b	255.38^b	256.82^b	4.91	.0001	.354	.346	.497
Cholesterol, mg/dL	114.99^a	84.03^b	91.22^b	86.75^b	83.60^b	5.01	.001	.638	.698	.327
Triglycerides, mg/dL	73.43	72.68	78.27	65.92	70.52	3.70	.247	.034	.122	.875
Plasma protein profile
Total protein, g/dL	4.94	4.77	4.82	4.85	4.75	0.13	.871	.938	.860	.609
Albumin, g/dL	2.82	2.62	2.60	2.75	2.68	0.07	.243	.147	.955	.292
Total bilirubin, mg/dL	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.02	.975	.950	.572	.950
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.39	0.40	0.39	0.41	0.37	0.02	.821	.830	.255	.637
Urea, mg/dL	6.00	6.21	6.62	6.94	6.03	0.39	.377	.846	.472	.068
Plasma mineral profile
Calcium, mg/dL	5.27^c	6.69^b	7.25^b	8.39^a	8.51^a	0.25	.0001	.0001	.238	.438
Phosphorus, mg/dL	4.23^b	7.01^a	6.25^a	6.28^a	6.96^a	0.38	.0001	.976	.927	.108
Magnesium, mg/dL	1.79	1.80	2.12	2.25	2.69	0.26	.114	.068	.164	.827
Iron, μg/dL	68.53^b	95.82^a	89.02^a,b	103.92^a	90.13^a,b	5.84	.006	.459	.109	.572
Plasma enzyme profile
ALT/GPT, U/L	50.22	47.84	50.58	47.40	47.12	3.20	.899	.514	.680	.613
AST/GOT, U/L	60.47	57.37	63.75	57.21	61.21	3.08	.540	.665	.108	.702
AP, U/L	69.16	71.96	57.97	53.39	58.63	5.66	.139	.138	.457	.113
GGT, U/L	17.44	18.34	15.68	17.76	15.72	1.47	.608	.846	.106	.824
LDH, U/L	614.04	560.19	567.62	668.66	636.76	70.71	.791	.227	.865	.784
CK, U/L	1016.11	980.18	869.56	918.67	843.24	50.34	.121	.382	.075	.723

SBM: soybean meal; CWP: cowpea; CKP: chickpea; ALT/GPT: alanine aminotransferase; AST/GOT: aspartate aminotransferase; AP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl-transferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CK: creatinkinaza; SEM: standard error of the mean of all treatments.

^a,b,cMeans within a row lacking a common superscript differ (p<.05).

^dData were analysed as a monofactorial arrangement, including SBM dietary treatment.

^eData were analysed excluding SBM dietary treatment.

Table 5. Effects of dietary treatments on fatty acids composition (%) of chickens breast meat.

Items	Dietary treatments					SEM	p-Value^h treatments	p-Value^i
	SBM	10CWP	20CWP	10CKP	20CKP			Source (S)	Level (L)	S × L
Myristic (C14:0)	0.76^a,b	0.84^a	0.68^b	0.66^c,b	0.84^a	0.06	.0001	.580	.479	.0001
Myristoleic (C14:1)	0.19	0.15	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.05	.199	.996	.580	.580
Pentadecanoic (C15:0)	0.18^b,c	0.27^a	0.14^c	0.24^b,a	0.15^b	0.04	.001	.412	.0001	.412
Pentadecenoic (C15:1)	0.32^b	0.43^a	0.25^b	0.44^a	0.25^b	0.02	.0001	.780	.0001	.780
Palmitic (C16:0)	27.82^d	28.68^a	28.02^c	27.50^e	28.16^b	0.13	.0001	.0001	.997	.0001
Palmitoleic (C16:1)	6.68^a	5.27^c	5.18^d	5.36^b	5.43^b	0.11	.0001	.0001	.578	.002
Heptadecanoic (C17:0)	0.14	0.19	0.20	0.20	0.18	0.03	.160	.780	.780	.412
Heptadecenoic (C17:1)	0.09^b,c	0.21^a	0.10^b,c	0.07^c	0.16^a,b	0.02	.001	.050	.576	.0001
Stearic (C18:0)	7.19^d	8.32^a	7.70^b	7.50^c	7.66^b	0.09	.0001	.0001	.0001	.0001
Oleic (C18:1n9cis)	33.55^c	33.92^b	34.13^a	34.21^a	32.51^d	0.27	.0001	.0001	.0001	.0001
Linoleic (C18:2n6)	16.43^b	14.35^d	15.91^c	16.39^b	17.25^a	0.11	.0001	.0001	.0001	.0001
Arachidic (C20:0)	0.15	0.10^T	0.14	0.16	0.18^T	0.02	.076	.020	.118	.580
Alfa-linolenic (C18:3n3)	0.68^c	0.87^b	1.16^a	0.74^c	0.84^b	0.04	.0001	.0001	.0001	.006
Octadecatetraenoic (C18:4n-3)	0.38^c	0.59^a	0.55^a,b	0.49^b	0.47^b	0.03	.0001	.001	.122	.580
Eicosadienoic (C20:2n-6)	0.41^a,b	0.43^a	0.37^a,b	0.39^a,b	0.34^b	0.03	.033	.078	.013	.780
Behenic (C22:0)	0.13^b,c	0.20^a,b	0.10^c	0.20^a,b	0.22^a	0.02	.002	.009	.050	.009
Eicosatrienoic (C20:3n-6)	0.25^T	0.19	0.23	0.23	0.17^T	0.02	.052	.580	.582	.020
Eicosatrienoic (C20:3n-3)	0.28	0.33	0.46	0.39	0.38	0.04	.385	.403	.831	.670
Arachidonic (C20:4n-6)	1.19^a	0.72^c	0.83^b	0.84^b	0.76^b,c	0.05	.0001	.187	.412	.001
Eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3)	0.21^c	0.27^b,c	0.44^a	0.41^a	0.32^b	0.01	.0001	.580	.050	.0001
Docosadienoic (C22:2n-6)	0.16^b	0.22^a,b	0.18^a,b	0.15^b	0.26^a	0.01	.006	.780	.078	.003
Docosatrienoic (C22:3n-6)	0.11^c	0.22^a,b	0.16^b,c	0.25^a	0.21^a,b	0.02	.002	.050	.020	.580
Docosatetraenoic (C22:4n-6)	0.10	0.07	0.05	0.10	0.11	0.02	.156	.032	.785	.402
Docosapentaenoic (C22:5n-3)	0.10^b	0.15^a,b	0.19^a	0.14^a,b	0.13^a,b	0.02	.034	.103	.482	.179
Docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3)	0.14^b	0.19^a,b	0.27^a	0.17^b	0.22^a,b	0.04	.003	.077	.006	.412
Total n-6 PUFA^f	18.65^b	16.20^e	17.73^d	18.35^c	19.10^a	0.09	.0001	.0001	.0001	.0001
Total n-3 PUFA^g	1.85^c	2.40^b	2.97^a	2.28^b	2.36^b	0.05	.0001	.0001	.001	.003
n-6 /n-3 PUFA ratio	10.08^a	6.76^c	5.97^d	8.04^b	8.11^b	0.16	.0001	.0001	.080	.047

SBM: soybean meal; CWP: cowpea; CKP: chickpea; SEM: standard error of the mean of all treatments.

^a,b,c,d,eMeans within a row lacking a common superscript differ (p<.05).

^fTotal n-6 PUFA: sum of C18:2n-6 + C20:2n-6 + C20:3n-6 + C20:4n-6 + C22:2n-6 + C22:3n-6 + C22:4n-6.

^gTotal n-3 PUFA: sum of C18:3n-3 + C18:4n-3 + C20:3n-3 + C20:5n-3 + C22:5n-3 + C22:6n-3.

^hData were analysed as a monofactorial arrangement, including SBM dietary treatment.

ⁱData were analysed excluding SBM dietary treatment.

WPSA. 1989. European tables of energy values for poultry feedstuffs. 3rd ed. Subcommittee Energy of the Working Group n°2, Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.

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