Chemical composition of pine nut (Pinus pinea L.) grown in three geographical macrozones in Chile

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of Chilean pine nuts from different macrozones (g/kg).

Tabla 1. Composición química de piñón de pino cultivado en diferentes macrozonas de Chile (g/kg).

Macrozone	Moisture	Ashes	Protein	Fat	Total dietary fiber
North	40.9 ± 1.5 a	47.4 ± 0.1 a	349.3 ± 1.0 ab	422.5 ± 3.3 a	116.0 ± 1.4 a
Dry Coast	44.8 ± 0.1 b	47.1 ± 0.2 ab	352.5 ± 1.0 a	469.2 ± 0.7 b	116.1 ± 3.1 a
South	43.4 ± 0.1 ab	45.8 ± 0.3 b	320.9 ± 1.4 b	435.8 ± 0.6 ab	118.3 ± 1.2 a
Average	43.0 ± 0.07	46.7 ± 0.3	340.9 ± 0.51	442.5 ± 0.70	116.8 ± 1.0

n = 3. Mean ± SE. Values in a column with different letters indicate significant difference, p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test). Results are presented as DW.

Table 2. Mineral content of Chilean pine nuts from different macrozones (mg/kg).

Tabla 2. Contenido de minerales de piñón de pino cultivado en diferentes macrozonas de Chile (mg/kg).

Macrozone	Ca	Cu	Fe	Zn	K	Na
North	430.1	33.6	153.7	135.7	8667.7	115.2
Dry Coast	403.0	15.1	53.4	81.3	4029.2	50.8
South	307.2	28.3	106.6	119.6	8704.6	90.7

Values were obtained from a pooled sample of pine nuts from each zone.

Table 3. Main phytosterols and tocopherols of Chilean pine nut oil from different macrozones (µg/kg oil).

Tabla 3. Principales fitoesteroles y tocoferoles en aceite de piñón de pino cultivado en diferentes macrozonas de Chile (µg/kg aceite).

Macrozone	Stigmasterol	β-Sitosterol	α-Tocopherol	γ-Tocopherol
North	2079.9 ± 0.8 a	15765.5 ± 0.5 a	94.4 ± 0.1 a	1110.5 ± 31.7 a
Dry Coast	3565.2 ± 1.5 a	19279.6 ± 0.2 a	57.4 ± 1.2 a	1346.9 ± 45.8 a
South	3208.9 ± 0.3 a	19488.1 ± 0.3 a	25.3 ± 0.3 a	756.1 ± 29.2 a
Average	2951.3 ± 283.1	18177.7 ± 763.8	59.0 ± 12.6	1071.1 ± 109.8

n = 2. Mean ± SE. Identical letters in a column indicate absence of significant difference, p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Table 4. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and vitamin C content of Chilean pine nuts from different macrozones.

Tabla 4. Compuestos fenólicos, capacidad antioxidante y contenido de vitamina C de piñón de pino cultivado en diferentes macrozonas de Chile.

Macrozone	TPC mg GAE/g	ORAC µmol TE/g	Vitamin C mg/kg
North	0.27 ± 0.01 a	8.60 ± 0.03 a	23.7 ± 0.5 a
Dry Coast	0.39 ± 0.00 a	8.44 ± 0.02 a	28.4 ± 0.3 a
South	0.35 ± 0.01 a	8.59 ± 0.02 a	31.0 ± 1.0 a
Average	0.34 ± 0.05	8.54 ± 0.03	27.7 ± 1.4

n = 3. Mean ± SE. TPC: Total phenolic compounds; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Identical letters in a column indicate absence of significant difference, p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test). Results are presented as DW.

Table 5. Relative percentage of fatty acids of Chilean pine nut oil from different macrozones.

Tabla 5. Porcentaje relativo de ácidos grasos en aceite de piñón de pino cultivado en diferentes macrozonas de Chile.

		Macrozone
Fatty acid	North	Dry Coast	South
C16:0	6.16 ± 0.02 a	6.50 ± 0.03 a	6.19 ± 0.05 a
C18:0	4.17 ± 0.03 a	4.49 ± 0.04 a	4.25 ± 0.09 a
C20:0	0.77 ± 0.01 a	0.80 ± 0.00 a	0.90 ± 0.01 a
ƩSFA	11.09 ± 0.03	11.79 ± 0.07	11.34 ± 0.03
C18:1n-9	40.92 ± 0.05 a	37.13 ± 0.03 a	40.28 ± 0.07 a
ƩMUFA	40.92 ± 0.05	37.13 ± 0.03	40.28 ± 0.07
C18:2n-6	47.64 ± 0.09 a	50.72 ± 0.07 a	48.01 ± 0.04 a
C18:3n-3	0.37 ± 0.00 a	0.37 ± 0.04 a	0.39 ± 0.01 a
ƩPUFA	48.01 ± 0.09	51.08 ± 0.04	48.39 ± 0.03

n = 2. Mean ± SE. Values in a row with different letters indicate significant difference, p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test). ƩSFA: sum of main saturated fatty acids; ƩMUFA: sum of main monounsaturated fatty acids; ƩPUFA: sum of main polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Figure 1. Biplot for the chemical composition of pine nuts and climate variables by macrozone. MAXT: maximum average temperature, AT: average temperature, MINT: minimum average temperature, DM#: dry month number, TO: thermal oscillation, TDF: total dietary fiber.

Figura 1. Biplot de la composición química de piñones de pino y variables climáticas por macrozona. MAXT: temperatura máxima promedio, AT: temperatura promedio, MINT: temperatura mínima promedio, DM#: número de meses secos, TO: oscilación térmica, TDF: fibra dietética total.