Changes in the chemical parameters during the production of água-mel from Portugal

Figures & data

Figure 1. Moisture (%) (A), free acidity (mEq/kg) (B), HMF (mg/kg) (C), Colour (D), and phenol content (mg/g) (E) during the production of água-mel from diverse producers.

Figura 1. Humedad (%) (A), acidez libre (mEq/kg) (B), HMF (mg/kg) (C), color (D), y contenido fenólico (mg/g) (E) durante la producción de água-mel procedente de distintos productores.

Figure 2. Fructose content (g/kg) (A), glucose content (g/kg) (B), and melanoidins (C) during the production of água-mel from diverse producers.

Figura 2. Contenido de fructosa (g/kg) (A), contenido de glucosa (g/kg) (B), y melanoidinas (C) durante la producción de água-mel procedente de distintos productores.

Figure 3. Capacity for scavenging DPPH free radicals, expressed as IC₅₀ (mg/mL).

Figure 3. Capacidad del método DPPH para eliminar radicales libres, expresada como IC₅₀ (mg/mL).

Table 1. Results of some parameters from zero- and first-order reaction kinetics of água-mel.

Tabla 1. Resultados de algunos parámetros de las reacciones cinéticas de orden cero y de primer orden del água-mel.

	Zero-order kinetics			First-order kinetics
Sample	K0 (min^−1)	C0	R^2	K1 (min^−1)	C0	R^2
AMR (SSC)
Phenols	0.37	0.42	0.97	0.23	0.23	0.94
HMF	600.51	21.02	0.88	0.47	1.10	0.74
Glucose	7.16	160.43	0.79	0.04	0.09	0.75
Fructose	10.32	243.38	0.83	0.04	0.07	0.80
Free acidity	1.30	37.77	0.93	0.03	0.04	0.91
Colour	0.11	0.14	0.99	0.24	0.21	0.94
Melanoidins	0.56	0.75	0.96	0.38	0.15	0.89
Moisture	−3.05	51.38	0.94	−0.08	−0.04	0.96
DPPH	−0.63	5.07	0.67	−0.23	−0.33	0.87
FD (SSC)
Phenols	0.26	0.09	0.94	0.27	0.12	0.99
HMF	391.95	−358.97	0.88	0.63	1.00	0.86
Glucose	12.39	121.34	0.99	0.07	0.02	0.99
Fructose	13.61	203.30	0.94	0.05	0.03	0.93
Free acidity	2.96	12.68	0.96	0.12	0.02	0.99
Colour	0.01	−0.06	0.91	0.39	0.01	0.99
Melanoidins	0.37	0.03	0.94	0.36	0.39	0.91
Moisture	−4.33	61.87	1.00	−0.10	0.04	0.98
DPPH	−1.36	10.83	0.93	−0.32	0.21	0.96
CMP (SSC)
Phenols	0.21	−0.16	0.92	0.32	0.33	0.97
HMF	329.10	−422.99	0.88	0.38	0.15	0.99
Glucose	13.04	81.34	0.96	0.09	−0.00	0.96
Fructose	19.97	151.33	0.91	0.08	−0.01	0.94
Free acidity	2.44	5.30	0.97	0.15	0.05	0.99
Colour	0.065	−0.06	0.82	0.27	−0.39	0.90
Melanoidins	0.27	−0.10	0.89	0.27	−0.05	0.96
Moisture	−4.09	69.20	0.96	−0.09	0.13	0.92
DPPH	−1.75	16.92	0.91	−0.25	0.03	0.99
CMP (AC)
Phenols	0.18	0.16	0.97	0.28	0.00	0.96
HMF	231.76	−231.97	0.92	0.35	0.15	0.98
Glucose	10.80	86.27	0.99	0.08	0.03	0.99
Fructose	16.24	164.71	0.99	0.07	0.04	0.98
Free acidity	1.82	5.35	0.98	0.13	−0.02	0.99
Colour	0.04	−0.01	0.77	0.21	−0.25	0.94
Melanoidins	0.21	−0.12	0.74	0.23	−0.11	0.92
Moisture	−3.58	68.20	0.97	−0.08	0.09	0.94
DPPH	−1.78	17.42	0.91	−0.23	0.03	0.99
Ce (AC)
Phenols	0.27	−0.11	0.92	0.29	0.08	0.99
HMF	293.68	−399.08	0.87	0.64	1.19	0.88
Glucose	14.56	114.77	0.98	0.08	0.03	0.99
Fructose	17.20	159.46	0.98	0.07	0.03	0.98
Free acidity	2.976	6.36	0.84	0.14	−0.13	0.92
Colour	0.09	−0.08	0.84	0.32	−0.27	0.97
Melanoidins	0.29	−0.03	0.91	0.28	−0.04	0.96
Moisture	−2.91	62.86	0.98	−0.06	0.06	0.96
DPPH	−1.22	11.08	0.94	−0.26	0.075	0.99

AMR, FD, CMP, Ce: four beekeepers who produce água-mel. SSC: stainless steel container; AC: aluminium container; HMF: hydroxymethylfurfural; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; C₀: concentration at time zero; k₀: zero-order kinetic constant; k₁: first-order kinetic constant.

AMR, FD, CMP, Ce: cuatro apicultores que producen água-mel. SSC: contenedor de acero inoxidable; AC: contenedor de aluminio; HMF: hidroximetilfurfural; DPPH: 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil; C₀: concentración en el momento cero; k₀: constante cinética de orden cero; k₁: constante cinética de primer orden.