Application for novel electrochemical screening of antioxidant potential and phytochemicals in Cornus mas extracts

Figures & data

Table 1. Total phenolic content, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging ability of tested extracts.

Tabla 1. Contenido fenólico total, capacidad de eliminación de radicales ABTS y DPPH de los extractos probados.

Sample	TPC [mg GAE/100 g d.m.]
BA	1281.80^f	±	48.54
SA	813.19^de	±	11.24
FA	885.05^e	±	130.26
PA	549.85^c	±	6.63
XA	1142,03^f	±	137.91
VA	1248.07^f	±	102.78
CA	2598.39^g	±	475.67
BW	539.73^c	±	14.45
SW	594.75^c	±	4.13
FW	289.69^a	±	1.00
PW	292.62^a	±	27.28
XW	294.60^a	±	6.06
VW	446.47^b	±	8.49
CW	774.90^d	±	13.14
Sample	ABTS radical scavenging ability [mmol TE/100 g dm]			%Inhibition
BA	3.873^e	±	1.912	19.60^c	±	15.29
SA	2.742^d	±	0.743	33.37^e	±	12.96
FA	6.362^g	±	0.337	66.06^g	±	4.66
PA	0.392^a	±	0.023	1.52^a	±	0.52
XA	1.597^b	±	0.303	4.26^b	±	2.31
VA	3.699^e	±	0.438	20.66^c	±	3.82
CA	3.418^e	±	0.585	6.48^b	±	2.55
BW	2.862^d	±	0.167	44.43^f	±	3.59
SW	6.591^g	±	0.090	88.21^h	±	1.57
FW	1.980^c	±	0.040	44.27^f	±	1.23
PW	1.913^c	±	0.114	47.68^f	±	3.88
XW	1.437^b	±	0.071	26.73^d	±	1.96
VW	4.847^f	±	0.038	84.95^h	±	0.86
CW	4.160^ef	±	0.500	26.41^d	±	4.73
Sample	DPPH radical scavenging ability [mmol TE/100 g dm]			%Inhibition
BA	2.5861^c	±	0.2620	46.341^a	±	3.449
SA	1.9458^b	±	0.0983	68.182^c	±	2.822
FA	2.4230^c	±	0.4347	67.391^c	±	9.883
PA	2.0741^b	±	0.0080	89.242^d	±	0.298
XA	6.0095^e	±	0.1362	87.809^d	±	1.711
VA	4.0137^d	±	0.2882	69.936^c	±	4.139
CA	10.3980^f	±	0.4282	86.957^c	±	3.074
BW	0.8546^a	±	0.1849	42.468^a	±	6.525
SW	2.0548^b	±	0.1121	71.313^c	±	3.220
FW	1.1572^a	±	0.0267	71.154^c	±	1.360
PW	1.2469^a	±	0.1094	82.428^d	±	6.154
XW	1.5701^ab	±	0.0704	83.696^d	±	3.200
VW	2.0068^b	±	0.1507	87.944^d	±	5.679
CW	2.7029^c	±	0.3741	54.348^b	±	5.820

n = 3; a–h statistically significant differences between variables (p= 0.05).

TPC – total phenolic content; ABTS – radical scavenging capacity against 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); DPPH – radical scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; GAE – gallic acid equivalents; TE – trolox equivalents.

Figure 1. Principal scatter diagram for tested samples (a), principal component analysis for them (b) and statistical charges scatter plot for tested variables (c).

Figura 1. Diagrama de dispersión principal para muestras probadas (a), análisis de componentes principales para tales muestras (b) y gráfico de dispersión de cargas estadísticas para las variables probadas (c).

Figure 2. Total chlorophyll content in tested Cornelian cherry extracts [mg/g dm].

Figura 2. Contenido total de clorofila en extractos de cereza de Cornus mas [mg/g dm].

Figure 3. Content of sugars [%] in Cornelian cherry extracts.

Figura 3. Contenido de azúcares [%] en extractos de cereza de Cornus mas.

Table 2. CV and SWV peaks heights and areas for tested Cornus mas aqueous extracts and standards.

Tabla 2. Alturas pico y áreas de CV y SWV para extractos acuosos y estándar de Cornus mas.

	Anodic signal current				Cathodic signal current
sample	Peak potential Ep [V]	Peak height I [µA]	Peak area Ep*I [V*µA]	EI [µA/V]	Peak potential Ep [V]	Peak height I [µA]	Peak area Ep*I [V*µA]	Total peaks area Ep*I [V*µA]	Edm [V*µA/100 g d.m.]
Cyclic voltammetry
BW	0.518^e	0.2114	0.4646	0.407^c	0.005^a	0.0736	0.0806	0.5452	184.814^b
FW	-0.029^a	0.0446	0.0667	-1.188^a	0.157^b	0.0828	0.0273	0.3731	87.788^a
	(0.391^cd; 0.523^e)*	0.1396	0.2529
	0.837^g	0.0376	0.0263
GA	0.445^d	0.0692	0.1222	0.156^b	0.132^b	0.0560	0.0870	0.2092	na
VW	0.191^b	0.0988	0.2454	1.259^f	0.147^b	0.1157	0.3274	1.342	426.032^d
	(0.386^cd; 0.508^e)*	0.3316	0.7690
CW	(0.279^bc; 0.401^cd; 0.533^e)*	0.1524	0.3356	0.377^c	0.121^b	0.0411	0.0567	0.3923	301.769^c
PW	(0.342^c;0.445^d)*	0.2255	0.4204	0.595^d	0.084^ab	0.0515	0.1301	0.5816	123.745^a
	0.665^f	0.0146	0.0311
Q	(0.201^b; 0.504^e)*	0.6731	0.2763	1.910^f	0.059^ab	0.0556	0.3641	0.6404	na
SW	(0.391^cd; 0.504^e)*	0.3128	0.6645	0.699^e	0.152^b	0.0680	0.1393	0.8038	334.917^c
XW	(0.362^c; 0.450^d; 0.650^f)*	0.2853	0.5227	0.585^d	0.289^c	0.0842	0.2783	0.8010	210.789^b
	Signal current
Sample	Peak potential Ep [V]	Peak height I [µA]	Peak area Ep*I [V*µA]	Total peaks height I [µA]	Total peaks area [V*µA]	Edm [V*µA/100 g d.m.]
Square wave voltammetry
BW	-0.024^a	0.4988	0.1201	3.465	0.6097	206.678^c
	0.372^c	2.4690	0.3124
	0.704^e	0.2235	0.0255
	1.343^h	0.2742	0.0152
FW	0.430^d	2.8750	0.4530	3.386	0.5071	119.318^b
	0.831^f	0.2295	0.0288
	1.050^g	0.2815	0.0253
GA	0.035^a	0.6000	0.1634	0.600	0.1634	na
VW	0.445^d	4.3940	0.7712	4.933	0.8360	265.397^bc
	0.797^e	0.3750	0.0493
	1.080^g	0.1640	0.0155
CW	0.005^a	0.3810	0.0787	2.905	0.4592	353.231^c
	(0.274^b;0.367^c)*	2.3620	0.3553
	0.733e	0.1620	0.0252
PW	(0.274^b;0.401^d)*	2.5560	0.3776	2.811	0.4011	85.340^a
	0.792^e	0.1058	0.0108
	1.006^g	0.1489	0.0127
Q	0.201^b	2.8900	0.5523	3.213	0.6120	na
	1.006^g	0.3231	0.0597
SW	0.211^b	0.4392	0.0726	4.621	0.7794	324.750^c
	0.484^d	3.6320	0.6431
	0.870^f	0.3269	0.0415
	1.109^g	0.2221	0.0222
XW	0.342^c	3.5530	0.5084	3.675	0.5236	137.789^b
	0.748^e	0.1223	0.0153

E_dm – total peaks area per 100 g dry weight of extract; GA – gallic acid; Q – quercetin; na – not applicable; *signal comprising several maximums given in brackets; a–h statistically significant differences between variables.

Table 3. Probability values for Levene’s test of statistical independence (p) and Pearson correlation factor (r²) between total polyphenol count, radical scavenging activities, total chlorophyll count and relative surface of peaks measured using SWV or CV techniques.

Tabla 3. Valores de probabilidad para la prueba de independencia estadística de Levene y factor de correlación de Pearson (r²) en el recuento total de polifenoles, las actividades de eliminación de radicales, el recuento total de clorofila y la superficie relativa de los picos medidos utilizando técnicas SWV o CV.

	Measurement technique	p	r^2
TPC vs. Edm	SWV	0.053214	0.8495
DPPH vs. Edm	SWV	0.000001	0.1499
ABTS vs. Edm	SWV	0.000001	0.7361
TCC vs. Edm	SWV	0.000001	0.8549
TPC vs. Edm	CV	0.062036	0.3120
DPPH vs. Edm	CV	0.000003	0.0948
ABTS vs. Edm	CV	0.000002	0.6421
TCC vs. Edm	CV	0.000002	0.5296

TPC – total phenolic content given as mg GAE per 100 g d.m.; DPPH – 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity given as mmol TE/100 g d.m.; ABTS – 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cationic radical scavenging activity given as mmol TE/100 g d.m.; TCC – total chlorophyll content given as mg/g d.m.