Effect of ultrasound treatment on dehydration kinetics and physicochemical, microbiological, structural and rehydration characteristics of tilapia

Figures & data

Table 1. Models used for the fitting of the dehydration and rehydration kinetics of tilapia cubes.

Tabla 1. Modelos usados para el ajuste de las cinéticas de deshidratación y rehidratación de cubos de tilapia

Model name	Equation	Reference
Dehydration Page	$MR=exp\left(-k\ast t^n\right)$	Jain and Pathare (2007)
Wang and Singh	$MR=1+a\ast t+b\ast t^2$	Kadam, Tiwari, and O’Donnell (2015)
Lewis	$MR=exp\left(-k\ast t\right)$	Guan, Wang, Li, and Jiang (2013)
Modified Page	$MR=exp(-k\ast t{)}^n$	Vega-Gálvez et al. (2011)
Rehydration Peleg	$RR=W_0+t/\left(k_1+k_2\ast t\right)$	Chen, Li, Jiao, and Cui (2016)
First Order	$RR=W_e+\left(W_0-W_e\right)exp\left(-k_r\ast t\right)$	Muñoz, Arnau, and Gou (2012)
Weibull	$RR=W_e+\left(W_0-W_e\right)exp\left[-{\left(t/\beta \right)}^{\alpha }\right]$	Chen et al. (2016)
Exponential Association	$RR=W_e\left[1-\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(-k_r\ast t\right)\right]$	Cox, Gupta, and Abu-Ghannam (2012)

Figure 1. Effect of ultrasound treatment on dehydration kinetics of tilapia cubes: (a) control 15 min (C-15), ultrasound 15 min (US-15), (b) control 30 min (C-30), ultrasound 30 min (US-30).

Figura 1. Efecto del tratamiento del ultrasonido en las cinéticas de deshidratación de cubos de tilapia: (a) control 15 min (C-15), ultrasonido 15 min (US-15), (b) control 30 min, ultrasonido 30 min (US-30 min)

Table 2. Kinetic parameters for the models fitted to the dehydration kinetic data of tilapia cubes.

Tabla 2. Parámetros cinéticos para los modelos ajustados a los datos cinéticos de deshidratación de cubos de tilapia

Models	Parameter	Treatments
		C-15	C-30	US-15	US-30
Page	k	0.3305 ± 0.06	0.3361 ± 0.04	0.3421 ± 0.03	0.3337 ± 0.08
	n	0.9314 ± 0.07	0.8849 ± 0.04	0.8928 ± 0.02	1.1708 ± 0.08
	R^2	0.9946	0.9889	0.9977	0.9944
	χ^2	0.0011	0.0020	0.0005	0.0009
	RMSE	0.1215	0.1660	0.0700	0.1280
Wang & Singh	a	−0.1741 ± 0.01	−0.2029 ± 0.02	−0.3756 ± 0.05	−0.2858 ± 0.04
	b	0.0029 ± 0.03	0.0034 ± 0.07	0.0064 ± 0.01	0.0043 ± 0.01
	R^2	0.9885	0.9902	0.9906	0.9676
	χ^2	0.0025	0.0012	0.0016	0.0032
	RMSE	0.1824	0.1321	0.1487	0.2506
Modified Page	k	0.3245 ± 0.03	0.3492 ± 0.04	0.3442 ± 0.05	0.3608 ± 0.03
	n	0.9140 ± 0.07	0.8966 ± 0.05	0.8486 ± 0.05	0.9863 ± 0.07
	R^2	0.9882	0.9945	0.9945	0.9941
	χ^2	0.0025	0.0013	0.0013	0.0009
	RMSE	0.1765	0.0260	0.0260	0.1306
Lewis	k	0.2184 ± 0.02	0.1903 ± 0.03	0.2806 ± 0.03	0.2908 ± 0.03
	R^2	0.9761	0.9739	0.9933	0.9941
	χ^2	0.0025	0.0052	0.0013	0.0009
	RMSE	0.1760	0.2861	0.1211	0.1306

Values of kinetic parameters are mean ± standard deviation of three samples measured in each experiment repeated three times. C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasound 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, and US-30 = ultrasound 30 min.

Los valores de los parámetros cinéticos son la media ± desviación estándar de tres muestras medidas en cada experimento repetido tres veces. C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasonido 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, and US-30 = ultrasonido 30 min.

Table 3. Effect of ultrasound treatment on the chemical composition, color, water activity and microbiological characteristics of dehydrated tilapia cubes.

Tabla 3. Efecto del tratamiento de ultrasonido en la composición química, color, actividad de agua y características microbiológicas de cubos de tilapia deshidratados

		Treatments
Properties	Fresh tilapia	C-15	US-15	C-30	US-30
Chemical composition (g/100 g)
Moisture	78.12 ± 0.14	13.07 ± 0.07^a	8.88 ± 0.32^b	12.23 ± 0.76^a	11.00 ± 0.52^a
Protein (N x 6.25)	18.98 ± 0.44	62.50 ± 0.83^a	72.93 ± 0.91^b	64.21 ± 0.88^a	65.68 ± 0.59^a
Fat	1.86 ± 0.01	11.15 ± 0.75^a	9.21 ± 0.49^b	8.99 ± 0.23^a	10.36 ± 0.31^b
Ash	1.04 ± 0.51	13.28 ± 0.53^a	8.98 ± 0.57^b	14.57 ± 0.10^a	12.96 ± 0.07^b
Color
L*	48.98 ± 0.30	48.36 ± 1.04^a	50.48 ± 0.83^b	48.17 ± 1.03^a	48.42 ± 0.86^a
a*	4.32 ± 0.28	4.60 ± 0.33^a	4.52 ± 0.44^a	4.65 ± 0.28^a	4.56 ± 0.30^a
b*	18.30 ± 0.81	21.70 ± 0.74^a	24.06 ± 0.64^b	20.06 ± 0.88^a	22.96 ± 0.93^b
Wh (%)	45.43 ± 0.35	43.8 ± 0.23^a	44.8 ± 0.32^b	44.2 ± 0.15^a	43.4 ± 0.21^b
aw	0.953 ± 0.003	0.442 ± 0.002^a	0.403 ± 0.003^b	0.551 ± 0.001^a	0.542 ± 0.004^b
Microbiological characteristics
Aerobic microorganisms (CFU/g)	25	<10	<10	<10	<10
Molds (CFU/g)	<10	<10	<10	<10	<10
Yeasts (CFU/g)	<10	<10	<10	<10	<10
Total coliforms (CFU/g)	19	<10	<10	<10	<10
Fecal coliforms (MPN/g)	<3	<3	<3	<3	<3

Values are mean ± standard deviation of three samples measured in each experiment repeated three times. Mean values between C-15 (control 15 min) and US-15 (ultrasound 15 min), and between C-30 (control 30 min) and US-30 (ultrasound 30 min) followed by the same superscript letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05)

Los valores son la media ± desviación estándar de tres muestras medidas en cada experimento repetido tres veces. Los valores de las medias entre C-15 (control 15 min) y US-15 (ultrasonido 15 min), y entre C-30 (control 30 min) y US-30 (ultrasonido 30 min) seguidas del mismo superíndice no son significativamente diferentes (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Effect of ultrasound treatment on the microstructure of the dehydrated tilapia cubes: (a) control 15 min, (b) ultrasound 15 min, (c) control 30 min, (d) ultrasound 30 min.

Figura 2. Efecto del tratamiento de ultrasonido en la microestructura de los cubos de tilapia deshidratados: (a) control 15 min, (b) ultrasonido 15 min, (c) control 30 min, (d) ultrasonido 30 min

Figure 3. Effect of ultrasound treatment on the rehydration kinetics at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C (a) and Arrhenius-type relationship between effective diffusivity (D_eff) and absolute temperature for estimation of activation energy of the rehydration of dehydrated tilapia cubes (b). Control 15 min (○ C-15), ultrasound 15 min (● US-15), control 30 min (○ C-30), ultrasound 30 min (● US-30).

Figura 3. Efecto del tratamiento de ultrasonido en las cinéticas de rehidratación a 30°C, 40°C y 50°C (a) relación tipo-Arrhenius entre la difusividad efectiva (D_eff) y temperatura absoluta para la estimación de la energía de activación de la rehidratación de cubos de tilapia deshidratada (b). Control 15 min (○ C-15), ultrasonido 15 min (● US-15), control 30 min (○ C-30), ultrasonido 30 min (● US-30)

Table 4. Effect of temperature and ultrasound treatment on the kinetic parameters for the models fitted to the rehydration data of dehydrated tilapia cubes.

Tabla 4. Efecto de la temperatura y tratamiento de ultrasonido en los parámetros cinéticos para los modelos ajustados a los datos de rehidratación de cubos de tilapia deshidratados

			Treatment
Model	Temperature	Parameter	C-15	US-15	C-30	US-30
Peleg	30°C	k1	0.88 ± 0.03	0.64 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.07	0.60 ± 0.02
		k2	6.25 ± 0.50	8.22 ± 0.04	7.02 ± 0.04	7.56 ± 0.10
		R^2	0.9671	0.9584	0.9672	0.9567
		χ^2	0.0156	0.0470	0.0193	0.0445
		RMSE	0.1043	0.1704	0.0942	0.1541
	40°C	k1	0.85 ± 0.01	0.49 ± 0.04	0.82 ± 0.02	0.64 ± 0.01
		k2	7.21 ± 0.21	8.43 ± 0.19	7.49 ± 0.38	8.42 ± 0.25
		R^2	0.9650	0.9527	0.9606	0.9509
		χ^2	0.0481	0.0808	0.6693	0.0894
		RMSE	0.1708	0.2123	0.1942	0.2303
	50°C	k1	0.83 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.02	0.78 ± 0.01	0.66 ± 0.03
		k2	7.79 ± 0.22	8.84 ± 0.09	8.53 ± 0.08	8.52 ± 0.04
		R^2	0.9706	0.9529	0.9688	0.9536
		χ^2	0.0217	0.0919	0.0362	0.0648
		RMSE	0.1013	0.2207	0.1407	0.1812
First order	30°C	kr	0.36±0.01	0.48±0.06	0.38±0.01	0.41±0.01
		R^2	0.9956	0.9954	0.9959	0.9933
		χ^2	0.0024	0.0039	0.0024	0.0048
		RMSE	0.1725	0.1729	0.1492	0.2503
	40°C	kr	0.39±0.02	0.51±0.01	0.43±0.01	0.49±0.01
		R^2	0.9917	0.9904	0.9979	0.9941
		χ^2	0.0062	0.2654	0.0013	0.0044
		RMSE	0.2152	0.0099	0.1068	0.1713
	50°C	kr	0.41±0.02	0.58±0.05	0.49±0.05	0.54±0.02
		R^2	0.9926	0.9927	0.9936	0.9708
		χ^2	0.0048	0.0057	0.0046	0.0096
		RMSE	0.1906	0.1066	0.1371	0.2550
Weibull	30°C	α	0.64±0.05	0.57±0.02	0.69±0.08	0.69±0.02
		β	27.74±0.06	19.63±0.53	25.42±0.06	25.20±0.77
		R^2	0.7019	0.8764	0.7193	0.8124
		χ^2	0.1720	0.1114	0.1417	0.1258
		RMSE	1.2473	0.7869	1.0368	1.0261
	40°C	α	0.52±0.01	0.43±0.01	0.54±0.13	0.41±0.01
		β	25.27±0.89	16.97±0.16	21.92±0.45	18.45±0.78
		R^2	0.8737	0.8833	0.7980	0.8302
		χ^2	0.0950	0.1014	0.1252	0.0805
		RMSE	0.5684	0.5263	0.7165	0.6568
	50°C	α	0.42±0.01	0.40±0.01	0.49±0.01	0.44±0.06
		β	20.39±0.84	14.63±0.32	21.58±0.51	20.11±0.95
		R^2	0.6977	0.8007	0.9090	0.8434
		χ^2	0.1628	0.1758	0.0998	0.1371
		RMSE	1.2565	0.9544	0.6491	0.8225
Exponential	30°C	kr	0.34±0.01	0.47±0.01	0.37±0.01	0.34±0.01
		R^2	0.9941	0.9948	0.9940	0.9919
		χ^2	0.4800	0.0045	0.0033	0.0055
		RMSE	0.1748	0.1840	0.1607	0.2459
	40°C	kr	0.37±0.02	0.54±0.01	0.43±0.01	0.49±0.01
		R^2	0.9847	0.9857	0.9976	0.9928
		χ^2	0.0062	0.2654	0.0013	0.0044
		RMSE	0.2152	0.0099	0.1068	0.1713
	50°C	kr	0.47±0.02	0.60±0.05	0.50±0.05	0.56±0.02
		R^2	0.8360	0.9945	0.9926	0.9922
		χ^2	0.1088	0.0048	0.0046	0.0096
		RMSE	0.1906	0.1066	0.1371	0.2550

Values of kinetic parameters are mean ± SD of three samples measured in each experiment repeated three times. C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasound 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, and US-30 = ultrasound 30 min.

Los valores de los parámetros cinéticos son la media ± desviación estándar de tres muestras medidas en cada experimento repetido tres veces. C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasonido 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, and US-30 = ultrasonido 30 min.

Table 5. Effect of ultrasound treatment on water absorption capacity (WAC), dry matter holding capacity (DHC), rehydration ability (RA), and effective diffusivity (D_eff) of dehydrated tilapia cubes rehydrated at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C.

Tabla 5. Efecto del tratamiento del ultrasonido en la capacidad de absorción de agua (WAC), capacidad de retención de materia seca (DHC), capacidad de rehidratación (RA) y difusividad efectiva (D_eff) de cubos de tilapia deshidratados, rehidratados a 30°C, 40°C y 50°C

Treatments	Soakingtemperature (°C)	WAC	DHC	RA	Deff (m^2/s)
C-15	30	0.82 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.82 ± 0.02^a	6.30 x 10^−09 (±1.23 x 10^−09)^a
US-15		0.88 ± 0.01^b	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.88 ± 0.01^b	7.17 x 10^−09 (±9.44 x 10^−10)^a
C-30		0.84 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.84 ± 0.02^a	6.35 x 10^−09 (±7.22 x 10^−10)^a
US-30		0.85 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.85 ± 0.02^a	6.80 x 10^−09 (±3.91 x 10^−10)^a
C-15	40	0.87 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.87 ± 0.02^a	7.81 x 10^−09 (±1.00 x 10^−09)^a
US-15		0.88 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.88 ± 0.02^a	8.80 x 10^−09 (±3.28 x 10^−10)^a
C-30		0.84 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.84 ± 0.02^a	7.74 x 10^−09 (±8.60 x 10^−10)^a
US-30		0.88 ± 0.01^b	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.88 ± 0.01^b	8.14 x 10^−09 (±1.05 x 10^−09)^a
C-15	50	0.84 ± 0.01^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.84 ± 0.01^a	9.26 x 10^−09 (±1.05 x 10^−10)^a
US-15		0.90 ± 0.01^b	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.90 ± 0.01^b	9.80 x 10^−09 (±1.14 x 10^−09)^b
C-30		0.87 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.87 ± 0.02^a	8.82 x 10^−09 (±9.12 x 10^−10)^a
US-30		0.90 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.01^a	0.90 ± 0.02^a	9.74 x 10^−09 (±2.58 x 10^−10)^a

Values are mean ± standard deviation of three samples measured in each experiment repeated three times. Mean values between each control and ultrasound treatment with a different superscript at each temperature indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05). C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasound 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, and US-30 = ultrasound 30 min.

Los valores son la media ± desviación estándar de tres muestras medidas en cada experimento repetido tres veces. Los valores de las medias entre cada tratamiento control y ultrasonido con diferente superíndice a cada temperatura son significativamente distintos (p < 0.05). C-15 = control 15 min, US-15 = ultrasonido 15 min, C-30 = control 30 min, y US-30 = ultrasonido 30 min.

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