Effect of two dehydration processes on extracts from Opuntia atropes and characterization of polyphenolic compounds by ultra high-resolution liquid chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry

Figures & data

Table 1. Dehydration of Opuntia atropes extract.

Tabla 1. Deshidratación del extracto de Opuntia atropes.

Parameter	O. atropes extract before drying (EO)	O. atropes extract nano-spray drying at 105°C (EOSNA)	O. atropes extract oven drying at 50°C/24 h (EOSE)
Phenolic acids (mg GAE/g)	11.13 ± 0.38 ^a,b	11.80 ± 0.61 ^a	10.62 ± 0.27 ^b
Flavonoids (mg QE/g)	24.05 ± 1.44 ^a	22.26 ± 1.02 ^a	19.22 ± 0.09 ^b
DPPH^• (mg GAE/g) % Inhibition (10 mg)	1.71 ± 0.04 ^a 18.32 ± 0.42 ^a	1.65 ± 0.03 ^a 17.92 ± 0.31 ^a	1.63 ± 0.04 ^a 17.76 ± 0.46 ^a
ABTS^•+ (mg GAE/g) % Inhibition (10 mg)	5.66 ± 0.00 ^a 53.49 ± 0.07 ^a	5.70 ± 0.05 ^a 54.08 ± 0.48 ^a	5.19 ± 0.11 ^b 49.30 ± 1.08 ^b

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviations (SD) of three determinations. ^{a, b, c} Different letters in the same row are significantly different, as shown by Tukey’ test p˂0.05.

Table 2. Characterization of dehydrated Opuntia atropes extracts.

Tabla 2. Caracterización de extractos de Opuntia atropes deshidratados

Parameter		O. atropes extract nano-spray drying at 105°C (EOSNA)	O. atropes extract oven drying at 50°C/24 h (EOSE)
Yield (%)		74.29 ± 3.09 ^a	49.70 ± 7.38 ^b
Moisture (%)		4.38 ± 0.42 ^b	9.67 ± 0.86 ^a
Colour	Luminosity	66.54 ± 1.24 ^a	26.82 ± 1.99 ^b
	Chroma	11.33 ± 1.14 ^b	16.37 ± 0.53 ^a
	°hue	88.35 ± 2.42 ^a	75.30 ± 0.92 ^b
Particle size (nm)		105.4 ± 25.40 ^b	1307.8 ± 81.18 ^a

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviations (SD) of three determinations. ^{a, b,} Different letters in the same row are significantly different, as shown by Student’ test p˂0.05.

Figure 1. Dehydrated extracts (a) EOSE and (b) EOSNA.

Figura 1. Extractos deshidratados (a) EOSE y (b) EOSNA

Table 3. Polyphenolic profile from EOSE obtained by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS².

Tabla 3. Perfil polifenólico de EOSE obtenido por UPLC-Q/TOF-MS²

Peak N°	Rt(min)	[M-H]¯ (m/z)	Ms^2 Fragment of the molecular ion	Tentative assigment	Polyphenol class	Polyphenol family	Molecular formula
1	0.78	387.1490	195.1070	Medioresinol	Lignan	Lignans	C21H24O7
2	1.98	325.1316	175.0132	p-Coumaric acid 4-O-glucoside	Phenolic acid	Hydroxycinnamic acids	C15H18O8
3	3.39	739.1702	175.0130	Kaempferol 3-O-(rhamnosyl-galactoside)-7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C33H40O19
4	3.49	739.1711	175.0131	Kaempferol 3-O (rhamnosyl-galactoside)-7-O-rhamnoside (Isomer I)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C33H40O19
5	3.63	769.1743	175.0131	Isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-(rhamnosyl-hexoside)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C34H41O20
6	3.78	769.1764	175.0135	Isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-(rhamnosyl-hexoside) (Isomer I)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C34H41O20
7	4.84	593.1451	175.0128	Kaempferol 3-O-galactoside 7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C27H30O15
8	5.10	623.1503	175.0129	Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C28H32O16

Rt = retention time. [M-H]¯ = molecular ion. Ms² = mass analyzer.

Table 4. Polyphenolic profile from EOSNA obtained by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS².

Tabla 4. Perfil polifenólico de EOSNA obtenido por UPLC-Q/TOF-MS²

Peak N°	Rt (min)	[M-H]¯ (m/z)	Ms^2 Fragment of the molecular ion	Tentative assigment	Polyphenol class	Polyphenol family	Molecular formula
1	0.78	387.1469	195.1059	Medioresinol	Lignan	Lignans	C21H24O7
2	1.98	325.1367	175.0133	p-Coumaric acid 4-O-glucoside	Phenolic acid	Hydroxycinnamic acids	C15H18O8
3	3.39	739.1693	175.0129	Kaempferol 3-O-(rhamnosyl-galactoside)-7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C33H40O19
4	3.49	739.1671	175.0122	Kaempferol 3-O-(rhamnosyl-galactoside)-7-O-rhamnoside (Isomer I)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C33H40O19
5	3.63	769.1717	175.0126	Isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-(rhamnosyl-hexoside)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C34H41O20
6	3.78	769.1743	329.2764	Isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-(rhamnosyl-hexoside) (Isomer I)	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C34H41O20
7	4.84	593.1470	329.2766	Kaempferol 3-O-galactoside 7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C27H30O15
8	5.10	623.1507	329.2765	Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside	Flavonoid	Flavonols	C28H32O16

Rt = retention time. [M-H]¯ = molecular ion. Ms² = mass analyzer.

Figure 2. Peak chromatogram of the polyphenolic compounds obtained by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS² for EOSE. For the assignment of each peak see Table 3.

Figura 2. Picos del cromatograma de compuestos polifenólicos obtenidos por UPLC-Q/TOF-MS² para EOSE. Para la asignación de cada pico ver la Tabla 3

Figure 3. Peak chromatogram of the polyphenolic compounds obtained by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS² for EOSNA. For the assignment of each peak see Table 4.

Figura 3. Picos del cromatograma de compuestos polifenólicos obtenidos por UPLC-Q/TOF-MS² para EOSNA. Para la asignación de cada pico ver la Tabla 4