Recent insights into green extraction techniques as efficient methods for the extraction of bioactive components and essential oils from foods

Figures & data

Table 1. Novel techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils from foods.

Extraction Method			Applications	References
Conventional Methods	Soxhlet extraction		Extraction of steroids, flavonoids, glycosides carbohydrates, starch, proteins, amino acids and lignin from leaves, flowers, fruits and stem of plants.	Gopalasatheeskumar (2018)
	Maceration		Extraction of terpenoid, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and essential oils from various plant parts.	Vankar (2004)
	Hydrodistillation		Extraction of volatile oil, fats, fixed oils, mucilage, pectins, triterpenoids from plant sources.	Masango (2005)
Novel Methods	Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)		Extraction of phenolic rich compounds. Extraction of isoflavone derivatives viz, genistin, glycitin, daidzin, and malonylgenistin from soybean.	Banožić et al. (2019)
			Phenolic compounds from strawberries viz., rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringin, naringenin, and ellagic acid. Chlorogenic acid from leaves and bark	Rostagno et al. (2007)
			Quercetin and rutin from Euonymus alatus Alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus.	Azmir et al. (2013)
			Anthocyanins from grape peel. Rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil from cloves.	Tekin et al. (2015)
	Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)		Bioactive compounds from edible flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa.	Pimentel-Moral et al. (2018)
			Extraction of caffeine and polyphenols from green tea	Pan et al. (2003)
			Essential oil from lilac buds	Kapadiya et al. (2018)
			Ginsenosides from ginseng root, silybinin, flavolignin from Silybummarianum.	Shu et al. (2003)
			Phenolic compounds from bran and flour of maize and sorghum.	Chiremba et al. (2012)
			Flavonoids and phenols from Chinese quince	Teng et al. (2009)
			Tannins and cinnamaldehyde from various plant extracts	Jahanshaei et al. (2012)
	High pressure assisted extraction (HAE)	Negative pressure cavitation-assisted extraction (NPCE)	Extraction of phytochemicals (alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids) from roots, leaves, and seeds.	Liu et al. (2009)Zhang et al. (2010)
			Flavonoids (rutin, nicotiflorin, narcissin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) from Flos sophorae immature	Wang et al. (2019)
		Pressurized liquid and hot water extraction	Isoflavones from soybeans.	Rostagno et al. (2004)
			THQ from black seeds.	Ahmad et al. (2019)
			Terpenoids and sterols from tobacco.	Shen and Shao (2005)
			Flavonoids from spinach.	Howard and Pandjaitan (2008)
			Phenolic compounds from parsley Petroselinumcrispum), lycorine and galanthamine (Amaryllidaceae alkaloids) from Narcissus jonquilla.	Mroczek and Mazurek (2009)
			Phenolic compounds (gallocatechin (GCT), catechin, epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and myricetin) from Anatolia propolis, polyphenols from olive leaves.	Xynos et al. (2014)
			Bio active compounds from rosemary leaves.	Rodriguez-Meizoso et al. (2012)
			Antioxidants (carnosic and rosmarinic acids).	Herrero et al. (2010)
			Phenolic compounds from olive leaves of Croatia and bioactives from marine sponges.	Putnik and Kovačevć (2017)
	Supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction		Antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds from natural sources.	Rahal et al. (2015)
			Essential oils from plant sources.	Roohinejad et al. (2017)
			Essential oil from Algerian rosemary leaves.	Zermane et al. (2010)
			Essential oils from sage, rosemary, marjoram, basil, thyme, oregano, and marigold belonging to family Lamiaceae. Decaffeination of coffee preparation, purine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) from Ilex paraguaryensis (herbal matetea), Naringin (flavonoid) from citrus paradise. Polyphenols, procyanidins catechin and epi catechin from grape. Alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus leaves. Beta-carotene and linoleic acids from Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp.	Machmudah et al. (2017)
			Polyphenol from pepper-rosmarin leaves	Garmus et al. (2015)
			Anthocyanins from the pericarp and cob of purple corn	Essien et al. (2020)
			Extraction of bio active compounds from flowers, bioactives from Lonicera japonica Thunberg	Hsu et al. (2016)
			Eugenol from clove	Frohlich et al. (2018)
			Quercetin and gallic acid from Macela flowers, chlorogenic acid from seeds of sunflower, bioactives from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)	Daraee et al. (2018)
			Flavonoids from cole pollen, encapsulation	Cheng et al. (2017)
			Development of bioactive film packaging	Zhao and Saldaña (2019)
			Production of anti-biofilms	Zizovic et al. (2018)
	Electrically assisted extractions	High voltage electric discharge plasma	Extraction of olive oil. Extraction of vegetable oil	Abenoza et al. (2013)
			Essential oil from rose	Tintchev et al. (2012)
			Eugenol, ellagic acid and quercetin from Emblica officinalis Total flavonoids and antioxidants from fresh spearmint leaves.	Zhou et al. (2017)
			Betanin from beet roots, phytosterols from maize, isoflavonoids from soybeans, anthocyanins mono glucosides from grape, anthocyanin and polyphenols from grape skin, polyphenols and anthocyanins from Merlot skin	Puertolas et al. (2016)
			Polyphenols, chlorophyll and carotenoids from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, extraction of sunflower oil, juice extraction from plant tissues and bioactive compounds from edible flowers	Gabrić et al. (2017)
			Extraction of polyphenols and proteins from olive pit. Extraction of pectin from sugar beet pulp.	Almohammed et al. (2018)
			Polyphenols and proteins while extracting essential oils from herbs and oil seeds and extraction of essential oils for development of novel functional products	Giacomettia et al. (2018)
	Enzyme-assisted extraction		Extraction of oils from different oil seeds.	Concha et al. (2004)
			Extraction of bioactive compounds from oilseeds with higher free fatty acids and phosphorus content.	Latif and Anwar (2009)
			Extraction of bio active compounds viz, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, non-anthocyanin flavonoids, and anti-oxidants from pomace of grapes, phenolic compounds from Ribesnigrum pomace	Maier et al. (2008)
			Phenolic compounds from citrus peels	Li et al. (2013)
			Phenolic antioxidants from solid wastes of raspberry and phenolic compounds from grape waste.	Laroze et al. (2010)
Other methods for extraction	Ohmic accelerated steam distillation		Extraction of lavender essential oil	Gavahian and Chu (2018)
	Ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation		Essential oil extraction from Zataria multiflora Boiss	Chemat et al. (2012)
	Ionic liquids		Extraction of bioactive compounds from food by-products and natural sources as well as in the processing of poultry feathers, crustacean shells, peanut hulls, potato peels and citrus	Arshadi et al. (2016)
			Further, ionic liquids are used as a mobile or stationary phase in different analytical techniques	Zhang (2018); Nan and Anderson (2018)
			As green solvents in liquid-phase micro extraction and liquid/liquid extraction	Mei et al. (2019)
			Further applications of ILs include additives, reactants, microwave absorbers or templates for preparation of polymers, biomass-based composites, carbon derived composites and inorganic nanomaterials	Pathak et al. (2016); Wang et al. (2019)
			Extraction of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins from grape skin.	Curko et al. (2017)
			Extraction of lingo cellulosic materials,	Gillet et al. (2017)
			Extraction of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and reducing sugars.	Wang et al. (2019)
			Fermentable sugars from eucalyptus biomass residues and wheat straw	Bernardo et al. (2019)
			Phenolic compounds	Lopes et al. (2018)
			Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and essential oils	Passos et al. (2014); Xiao et al. (2018)
	Thermo mechanical transient control pressure drop		Extraction of anthocyanin and anthocyanins in rose calyces	Tiwari (2015)

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the steps commonly applied in studies reporting effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on food compound extractability (Jung, 2016).

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of Negative Pressure Extraction (NPE) (b) Mechanism of Negative Pressure Cavitation Extraction (NPCE).

Figure 3. Selective extraction of bioactive and useful components from plant cells assisted by electroporation using pulsed electric field (Barba et al., 2016).

Figure 4. The process of enzyme-assisted extraction method from the natural products (Selvamuthukumaran & Shi, 2017).

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