Application of Pickering emulsion with microcrystalline cellulose in vitamin C double emulsion process with spray drying technology

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient composition of W/O/W emulsion for each treatment.

Emulsion Composition	Formulas (g)
	P1	P2	P3	P4
Demineralized water	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8
Vitamin C	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
W1 phase	6	6	6	6
Soybean Oil	13.3	13.3	13.3	13.3
Span 65	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
O phase	14	14	14	14
Demineralized water	42	41.5	41	40.5
Maltodextrin	25	25	25	25
WPC	5	5	5	5
MCC	1	1.5	2	2.5
Citric Acid	7	7	7	7
W2 phase	80	80	80	80
Total W/O/W (g)	100	100	100	100

Table

µapp	: apparent viscosity
N	: rpm of viscosity data
n	: flow behaviour index
K	: flow consistency index

Table

I	: inhibition percentage
Absb	: the absorbance of the control (initial time)
Abss	: the absorbance of the sample

Figure 1. Creaming index of double emulsion W/O/W vitamin C during storage.

(P1): MCC = 1%, (P2): MCC = 1.5%, (P3): MCC = 2%, (P4): MCC = 2.5%.

Figure 2. Morphology of the double emulsion of vitamin C in sample P3 (MCC = 2%) (a) morphology of double emulsion before drying, (b) morphology of spray-dried double emulsion after rehydration.

Figure 3. Value of n (flow behaviour index) of double emulsion vitamin C at various treatment.

(P1): MCC = 1%, (P2): MCC = 1.5%, (P3): MCC = 2%, (P4): MCC = 2.5%.

Table 2. Zeta potential double emulsion Pickering W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) vitamin C at various storage.

No	Code	Zeta Potential (mV)
		0	15 days	30 days
1	P1	−24.7± 0.08	−19.0± 0.08	−22.6± 0.06
2	P2	−27.0± 0.14	−25.7± 0.08	−22.0± 0.077
3	P3	−27.0± 0.07	−28.8± 0.07	−22.2± 0.14
4	P4	−30.0± 0.28	−22.5± 0.08	−16.0± 0.28

Table 3. The vitamin C double emulsion particle size assay with Pickering of MCC.

No	Code	Particle Size Measurement Results
		Mean (μm)	PDI(Polydispersity Index)
1	P1	2.27 ± 0.46	1.91
2	P2	1.50 ± 0.27	0.87
3	P3	0.32 ± 0.07	2.48
4	P4	0.24 ± 0.09	0.65

Figure 4. Morphology of vitamin C double emulsion microcapsules after drying.

Table 4. Particle size of spray dried vitamin C double emulsion after rehydration.

No	Code	Particle Size Measurement Results
		Mean (μm)	PDI (Polydispersity Index)
1	P1	4.07 ± 1.37	1.55
2	P2	4.20 ± 1.38	1.56
3	P3	3.52 ± 1.20	1.30
4	P4	3.50 ± 0.84	1.25

Table 5. a_w and moisture content of spray dried vitamin C double emulsion.

No	Code	Measurement Result
		aw	Water content (%)
1	P1	0.29 ± 0.002	1.86 ± 0.07
2	P2	0.24 ± 0.001	1.30 ± 0.14
3	P3	0.24 ± 0.002	1.60 ± 0.16
4	P4	0.19 ± 0.001	1.58 ± 0.4

Figure 5. Hygroscopicity rate of spray dried vitamin C double emulsion.

(P1): MCC = 1%, (P2): MCC = 1.5%, (P3): MCC = 2%, (P4): MCC = 2.5%.

Figure 6. Percentage solubility of spray dried vitamin C double emulsion.

(P1): MCC = 1%, (P2): MCC = 1.5%, (P3): MCC = 2%, (P4): MCC = 2.5%.

Figure 7. IC₅₀ value of spray dried vitamin C double emulsion during storage.

(P1): MCC = 1%, (P2): MCC = 1.5%, (P3): MCC = 2%, (P4): MCC = 2.5%.