Effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from maca roots

Figures & data

Table 1. Extraction yield, basic components and average molecular weight (Mw) of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various extraction methods.

Sample	Yield (%)	Total sugar (%)	Protein (%)	Uronic acid (%)	Mw (KDa)
MRP-H	13.08 ± 0.19^c	89.39 ± 0.38^a	2.23 ± 0.10^b	4.44 ± 0.12^d	13.75
MRP-E	6.22 ± 0.21^d	83.09 ± 1.74^b	1.71 ± 0.06^c	6.78 ± 0.02^b	11.76
MRP-U	15.16 ± 0.29^b	79.86 ± 1.5^c	7.71 ± 0.21^a	5.77 ± 0.04^c	14.60
MRP-DU	30.85 ± 0.37^a	85.20 ± 1.31^b	7.63 ± 0.11^a	7.05 ± 0.08^a	18.17

Values with different superscript letters in the same column are significantly different at p < .05.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UA.

Table 2. Monosaccharide composition (mg/100 mg) of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods.

Sample	Arabinose	Galactose	Glucose	Rhamnose
MRP-H	0.52 ± 0.01^d	0.62 ± 0.01^c	88.66 ± 0.17^a	0.03 ± 0.00^c
MRP-E	0.98 ± 0.02^b	1.16 ± 0.03^a	85.46 ± 0.09^b	0.09 ± 0.00^a
MRP-U	1.02 ± 0.00^a	1.14 ± 0.01^a	80.47 ± 0.11^d	0.08 ± 0.00^b
MRP-DU	0.59 ± 0.01^c	0.11 ± 0.01^b	81.70 ± 0.03^c	0.06 ± 0.01^b

Values with different superscript letters in the same column are significantly different at p < .05.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Table 3. Water solubility and water-and oil-holding capacities of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods.

Sample	Water solubility (%)	Water-holding capacity (g/g)	Oil-holding capacity (g/g)
MRP-H	82.87 ± 0.45^b	15.67 ± 0.74^b	2.73 ± 0.82^c
MRP-E	87.37 ± 0.23^a	17.23 ± 0.50^a	3.14 ± 0.08^c
MRP-U	75.57 ± 0.21^d	13.71 ± 0.32^c	4.00 ± 0.16^b
MRP-DU	76.33 ± 0.35^c	13.93 ± 0.12^c	5.21 ± 0.10^a

Values with different superscript letters in the same column significantly differ at p < .05.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Table 4. Emulsifying properties of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods.

Sample	Emulsifying capacity (%)	Emulsion stability (%)
MRP-H	5.97 ± 0.79^d	5.31 ± 0.66^d
MRP-E	8.67 ± 0.61^c	8.23 ± 0.62^c
MRP-U	29.29 ± 1.39^b	27.82 ± 1.09^b
MRP-DU	50.58 ± 1.21^a	48.14 ± 1.15^a

Values with different superscript letters in the same column significantly differ at p < .05.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Table 5. Foaming properties of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods.

		Foam stability (%)
Sample	Foaming capacity (%)	10 min	30 min	60 min	90 min	120 min
MRP-H	6.47 ± 0.42^d	81.52 ± 1.98^b	70.97 ± 3.75^a	53.61 ± 0.84^b	43.19 ± 2.84^b	28.79 ± 1.90^b
MRP-E	8.87 ± 0.50^c	68.35 ± 1.78^d	36.74 ± 3.29^c	32.93 ± 0.29^c	26.99 ± 2.49^c	14.95 ± 2.69^c
MRP-U	19.60 ± 0.35^a	73.80 ± 1.47^c	53.04 ± 1.77^b	30.60 ± 1.59^c	11.21 ± 1.55^d	3.73 ± 1.10^d
MRP-DU	9.73 ± 0.46^b	91.10 ± 1.02^a	74.03 ± 3.49^a	60.29 ± 0.50^a	56.90 ± 1.56^a	50.00 ± 0.00^a

Values with different superscript letters in the same column are significantly different at p < .05.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Figure 1. α-Amylase inhibitory activity of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of values from triplicate experiments. Values with different letters are significantly different (p < .05). MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU are maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Figure 2. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods.Bars represent the mean ± SD of values from triplicate experiments. MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU were maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Figure 3. Passive transport of glucose in the presence of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of values from triplicate experiments. %, ratio of glucose in dialysate out of total glucose added.

MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU: maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE, EAE, UAE, and DES-based UAE, respectively. Abbreviations: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.

Figure 4. Passive transport of bile acid in the presence of maca root polysaccharides extracted using various methods. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of values from triplicate experiments. %, ratio of bile acid in dialysate out of total bile acid added. MRP-H, MRP-E, MRP-U, and MRP-DU: maca root polysaccharides extracted using HWE-, EAE-, UAE-, and DES-based UAE, respectively.

Abbreviations: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Maca root polysaccharides (MRPs), hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE.