Effect of high DHA and ARA fortification on lipid oxidation of infant formula powder

Figures & data

Table 1. Unsaturated fatty acid profiles of infant formula during storage (g/100 g).

fatty acid	IF1-L-0	IF1-L-2	IF1-L-4	IF1-L-6	IF1-H-0	IF1-H-2	IF1-H-4	IF1-H-6
C14:1-9c	0.05 ± 0.000^a	0.05 ± 0.001^a	0.05 ± 0.003^a	0.05 ± 0.000^a	0.05 ± 0.003^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.05 ± 0.001^a
C16:1-9c	0.13 ± 0.003^a	0.13 ± 0.005^a	0.13 ± 0.010^a	0.14 ± 0.004^a	0.15 ± 0.005^a	0.14 ± 0.001^a	0.13 ± 0.006^a	0.14 ± 0.004^a
C18:1-9c	9.58 ± 0.035^a	9.30 ± 0.219^a	9.43 ± 0.028^a	9.68 ± 0.042^a	8.25 ± 0.240^a	8.72 ± 0.007^a	8.47 ± 0.042^a	8.76 ± 0.255^a
C20:1-11c	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.002^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.002^a
C22:1-13c	0.01 ± 0.001^a	0.01 ± 0.001^a	0.01 ± 0.000^a	0.01 ± 0.002^a	ND	ND	ND	ND
C18:2-9c,12c	5.55 ± 0.028^a	5.39 ± 0.120^a	5.46 ± 0.007^a	5.62 ± 0.021^a	4.73 ± 0.148^a	4.98 ± 0.028^a	4.84 ± 0.014^a	5.02 ± 0.134^a
C18:3-9c.12c,15c	0.51 ± 0.001^a	0.49 ± 0.011^a	0.50 ± 0.006^a	0.51 ± 0.003^a	0.43 ± 0.013^a	0.45 ± 0.004^a	0.44 ± 0.002^a	0.45 ± 0.011^a
C20:3-8c,11c.14c	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a
C20:4-5c,8c.11c,14c	0.215 ± 0.008^a	0.186 ± 0.006^a	0.206 ± 0.011^a	0.211 ± 0.013^a	0.253 ± 0.011^a	0.281 ± 0.003^a	0.242 ± 0.013^a	0.271 ± 0.012^a
C20:5-5c.8c,11c,14c,17c	0.02 ± 0.001^a	0.02 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.004^a	0.04 ± 0.003^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.004^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a
C22:6-4c,7c,10c,13c,16c,19c	0.118 ± 0.008^a	0.115 ± 0.006^a	0.133 ± 0.001^a	0.120 ± 0.007^a	0.183 ± 0.010^a	0.200 ± 0.010^a	0.177 ± 0.006^a	0.193 ± 0.001^a
C18:1t	0.12 ± 0.003^a	0.12 ± 0.003^a	0.11 ± 0.000^a	0.12 ± 0.002^a	0.12 ± 0.008^a	0.13 ± 0.006^a	0.12 ± 0.000^a	0.13 ± 0.002^a
C18:2-9t,12t	0.09 ± 0.001^a	0.09 ± 0.002^a	0.10 ± 0.006^a	0.09 ± 0.004^a	0.11 ± 0.004^a	0.11 ± 0.004^a	0.09 ± 0.004b	0.09 ± 0.003b
MUFA	6.44 ± 0.028^a	6.23 ± 0.134^a	6.35 ± 0.035^a	6.51 ± 0.028^a	5.65 ± 0.184^a	5.98 ± 0.021^a	5.76 ± 0.042^a	6.00 ± 0.134^a
PUFA	9.81 ± 0.028^a	9.53 ± 0.219^a	9.66 ± 0.021^a	9.92 ± 0.042^a	8.49 ± 0.247^a	8.95 ± 0.007^a	8.69 ± 0.049^a	8.99 ± 0.262^a
UFA	16.25 ± 0.071^a	15.75 ± 0.354^a	16.00 ± 0.000^a	16.45 ± 0.071^a	14.10 ± 0.424^a	14.90 ± 0.000^a	14.45 ± 0.071^a	15.00 ± 0.424^a
TFA	0.205 ± 0.002^a	0.207 ± 0.004^a	0.211 ± 0.008^a	0.213 ± 0.006^a	0.230 ± 0.012^a	0.238 ± 0.010^a	0.210 ± 0.004^a	0.223 ± 0.006^a

Values are the mean of two measurements. IF1, infant formula (for infants aged 0–6 months). For each row considered, values of the same formula with the same letter are not statistically different at the 5% level (ANOVA test). UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TFA, total trans fatty acids.

Table 2. Unsaturated fatty acid profiles of follow-up infant formula during storage (g/100 g).

fatty acid	IF2-L-0	IF2-L-2	IF2-L-4	IF2-L-6	IF2-H-0	IF2-H-2	IF2-H-4	IF2-H-6
C14:1-9c	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a
C16:1-9c	0.10 ± 0.002b	0.11 ± 0.002^a	0.10 ± 0.000b	0.10 ± 0.002c	0.12 ± 0.007^a	0.12 ± 0.005^a	0.12 ± 0.007^a	0.12 ± 0.003^a
C18:1-9c	7.61 ± 0.191^a	7.69 ± 0.014^a	7.72 ± 0.106^a	7.38 ± 0.269^a	7.38 ± 0.042^a	7.35 ± 0.212^a	7.18 ± 0.205^a	7.33 ± 0.028^a
C20:1-11c	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.000	0.04 ± 0.002^a	0.04 ± 0.002^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a
C22:1-13c	0.01 ± 0.000^a	0.01 ± 0.002^a	0.01 ± 0.000^a	NDb	0.01 ± 0.000^a	NDb	NDb	NDb
C18:2-9c, 12c	4.47 ± 0.120^a	4.52 ± 0.014^a	4.53 ± 0.071^a	4.33 ± 0.170^a	4.29 ± 0.035^a	4.25 ± 0.127^a	4.17 ± 0.120^a	4.25 ± 0.021^a
C18:3-9c.12c,15c	0.40 ± 0.014^a	0.41 ± 0.001^a	0.41 ± 0.001^a	0.39 ± 0.016^a	0.39 ± 0.002^a	038 ± 0.012^a	0.37 ± 0.011^a	0.38 ± 0.002^a
C20:3-8c,11c.14c	0.02 ± 0.002^a	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.002^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a
C20:4-5c,8c.11c,14c	0.202 ± 0.011^a	0.196 ± 0.003^a	0.180 ± 0.003^a	0.184 ± 0.003^a	0.264 ± 0.018^a	0.250 ± 0.001^a	0.245 ± 0.013^a	0.238 ± 0.013^a
C20:5-5c.8c,11c,14c,17c	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.001^b	0.02 ± 0.001^a	0.02 ± 0.004^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.003^a	0.04 ± 0.002^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a
C22:6-4c,7c,10c,13c,16c,19c	0.121 ± 0.003^a	0.116 ± 0.008^a	0.112 ± 0.005^a	0.114 ± 0.001^a	0.201 ± 0.001^a	0.190 ± 0.012^a	0.187 ± 0.007^a	0.174 ± 0.007^a
C18:1t	0.09 ± 0.002b	0.09 ± 0.001^b	0.09 ± 0.000^b	0.11 ± 0.001^a	0.09 ± 0.005^a	0.09 ± 0.002^a	0.10 ± 0.004^a	0.09 ± 0.003^a
C18:2-9t,12t	0.08 ± 0.011^a	0.08 ± 0.010^a	0.07 ± 0.004^a	0.07 ± 0.001^a	0.08 ± 0.001^a	0.08 ± 0.008^a	0.08 ± 0.000^a	0.08 ± 0.007^a
MUFA	5.24 ± 0.148^a	5.32 ± 0.028^a	5.28 ± 0.064^a	5.07 ± 0.184^a	5.20 ± 0.057^a	5.13 ± 0.127^a	5.03 ± 0.156^a	5.10 ± 0.042^a
PUFA	7.79 ± 0.191^a	7.89 ± 0.014^a	7.90 ± 0.106^a	7.55 ± 0.276^a	7.59 ± 0.049^a	7.54 ± 0.219^a	7.37 ± 0.198^a	7.51 ± 0.028^a
UFA	13.05 ± 0.354^a	13.20 ± 0.000^a	13.20 ± 0.141^a	12.60 ± 0.424^a	12.80 ± 0.141^a	12.65 ± 0.354^a	12.45 ± 0.354^a	12.65 ± 0.071^a
TFA	0.169 ± 0.009^a	0.171 ± 0.009^a	0.160 ± 0.004^a	0.186 ± 0.003^a	0.171 ± 0.005^a	0.169 ± 0.006^a	0.185 ± 0.004^a	0.170 ± 0.009^a

Values are the mean of two measurements. IF2, follow-up infant formula (for infants aged 6–12 months). For each row considered, values of the same formula with the same letter are not statistically different at the 5% level (ANOVA test). UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, follow-upmonounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TFA, total trans fatty acids.

Table 3. Unsaturated fatty acid profiles of young children formula during storage (g/100 g).

fatty acid	IF3-L-0	IF3-L-2	IF3-L-4	IF3-L-6	IF3-H-0	IF3-H-2	IF3-H-4	IF3-H-6
C14:1-9^c	0.05 ± 0.000^a	0.05 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.05 ± 0.004^a	0.04 ± 0.002^a
C16:1-9^c	0.12 ± 0.001^a	0.12 ± 0.004^a	0.12 ± 0.004^a	0.12 ± 0.003^a	0.13 ± 0.001^a	0.12 ± 0.000^b	0.12 ± 0.002^b	0.13 ± 0.004^a
C18:1-9^c	7.37 ± 0.071^a	7.27 ± 0.106^a	6.95 ± 0.078^b	6.99 ± 0.071^b	6.86 ± 0.106^a	6.54 ± 0.078^a	6.51 ± 0.120^a	6.74 ± 0.184^a
C20:1-11^c	0.04 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^b	0.03 ± 0.000^b	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a
C22:1-13^c	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
C18:2-9c,12^c	4.05 ± 0.042^a	3.90 ± 0.049^b	3.81 ± 0.042^b	3.85 ± 0.035^b	3.72 ± 0.057^a	3.55 ± 0.035^a	3.54 ± 0.064^a	3.67 ± 0.106^a
C18:3-9c.12c,15^c	0.37 ± 0.006^a	0.35 ± 0.004^b	0.35 ± 0.004^b	0.35 ± 0.004^b	0.33 ± 0.003^a	0.32 ± 0.003^a	0.32 ± 0.006^a	0.33 ± 0.009^a
C20:3-8c,11c.14^c	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.000^a	0.02 ± 0.001^a	0.02 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.000^b	0.03 ± 0.001^b	0.03 ± 0.000
C20:4-5c,8c.11c,14^c	0.197 ± 0.007^a	0.199 ± 0.012^a	0.188 ± 0.007^a	0.199 ± 0.011^a	0.264 ± 0.000^a	0.243 ± 0.001^c	0.247 ± 0.001^c	0.259 ± 0.004^b
C20:5-5c.8c,11c,14c,17^c	0.03 ± 0.001^a	0.02 ± 0.003^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.03 ± 0.000^a	0.04 ± 0.001^a	0.03 ± 0.000^b	0.04 ± 0.002^b	0.04 ± 0.001^a
C22:6-4c,7c,10c,13c,16c,19^c	0.130 ± 0.008^a	0.128 ± 0.006^a	0.127 ± 0.001^a	0.122 ± 0.006^a	0.194 ± 0.000^a	0.175 ± 0.002^b	0.176 ± 0.007^b	0.183 ± 0.006^b
C18:1t	0.14 ± 0.003^a	0.13 ± 0.002^a	0.13 ± 0.001^a	0.13 ± 0.006^a	0.13 ± 0.006^a	0.12 ± 0.001^a	0.13 ± 0.004^a	0.13 ± 0.003^a
C18:2-9t,12t	0.08 ± 0.000^a	0.08 ± 0.004^a	0.08 ± 0.006^a	0.08 ± 0.002^a	0.07 ± 0.007^a	0.07 ± 0.008^a	0.08 ± 0.011^a	0.08 ± 0.002^a
MUFA	4.81 ± 0.064^a	4.62 ± 0.049^b	4.53 ± 0.049^b	4.57 ± 0.042^b	4.58 ± 0.057^a	4.35 ± 0.049^a	4.35 ± 0.064^a	4.52 ± 0.106^a
PUFA	7.58 ± 0.071^a	7.47 ± 0.113^a	7.15 ± 0.078^b	7.19 ± 0.071^b	7.06 ± 0.113^a	6.73 ± 0.071^a	6.71 ± 0.113^a	6.95 ± 0.191^a
UFA	12.40 ± 0.141^a	12.10 ± 0.141^a	11.70 ± 0.141^c	11.75 ± 0.071^bc	11.65 ± 0.212^a	11.10 ± 0.141^a	11.05 ± 0.212^a	11.50 ± 0.283^a
TFA	0.213 ± 0.003^a	0.213 ± 0.006^a	0.212 ± 0.007^a	0.209 ± 0.004^a	0.200 ± 0.003^a	0.187 ± 0.007^a	0.207 ± 0.015^a	0.216 ± 0.005^a

Values are the mean of two measurements. IF3, young children formula (for young children aged 12 to 36 months). For each row considered, values of the same formula with the same letter are not statistically different at the 5% level (ANOVA test). UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TFA, total trans fatty acids.

Figure 1. Vitamin E and vitamin C content of the analyzed samples.

Table 4. TBARS contents of IFs stored at different storage time (λ = 532 nm absorbance).

		Storage time
items	groups	0 mon	2 mon	4 mon	6 mon
TBARS	IF1-L	0.234 ± 0.045^bc	0.390 ± 0.006^ab	0.488 ± 0.011^a	0.473 ± 0.057^a
	IF1-H	0.253 ± 0.025^c	0.475 ± 0.010^b	0.558 ± 0.006^ab*	0.605 ± 0.057^a*
	IF2-L	0.219 ± 0.002^b	0.316 ± 0.056^a	0.294 ± 0.010^ab	0.325 ± 0.010^a
	IF2-H	0.237 ± 0.008^d	0.384 ± 0.016^c	0.542 ± 0.004^b*	0.657 ± 0.021^a*
	IF3-L	0.209 ± 0.007^b	0.229 ± 0.003^b	0.240 ± 0.016^b	0.331 ± 0.007^a
	IF3-H	0.221 ± 0.022^c	0.280 ± 0.051^bc	0.346 ± 0.003^b	0.474 ± 0.015^a

Values are the mean of two measurements. For each row considered, values with the same letter are not statistically different at the 5% level (ANOVA test). * There is a significant difference compared to the corresponding formula (p <  .05).

Figure 2. Cluster analysis of the formulas after 6 months of storage data (VOCs) as obtained by the GC-MS analysis. (a) IF1 (infant formula), (b) IF2 (follow-up infant formula) and (c) IF3 (young children formula). Each sample has been analyzed in triplicates.

* There is a significant difference compared to the 0 mon value (p < .05)

Figure 3. PLS-DA of the formulas after 6 months of storage data (VOCs) as obtained by the GC-MS analysis. (a) IF1 (infant formula), (b) IF2 (follow-up infant formula) and (c) IF3 (young children formula). Each sample has been analyzed in triplicates.