Detection and partial characterization of antimutagenic compounds from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cephalothorax

Figures & data

Table 1. Antioxidant activity of crude extracts of white shrimp cephalothorax by DPPH and ABTS assay.

Concentration (µg/mL)	Hexane	Acetone	Methanol	Water-soluble
DPPH
31.2	−1.8 ± 1.8^g	−2.6 ± 2.5^g	101.2 ± 12.5^def	38.5 ± 7.9^fg
62.5	64.9 ± 3.9^efg	−2.2 ± 0.5^g	147.3 ± 4.2^cde	55.9 ± 4.4^efg
125	44.6 ± 1.3^fg	−1.9 ± 1.1^g	205.7 ± 4.2^abc	57.1 ± 36.6^efg
250	92.8 ± 2^.defg	0.6 ± 1.5^g	266.9 ± 5.4^ab	78.8 ± 55.5^efg
500	179.2 ± 5.7^bcd	5.4 ± 0.6^fg	288.6 ± 20.7ª	304.9 ± 24.3^a
ABTS
31.2	289.9 ± 81.5^gh	90.0 ± 45.2^h	371.6 ± 21.7^gh	839.4 ± 76.1^ef
62.5	553.4 ± 117.5^fg	139.3 ± 24.3^h	705.6 ± 72.9^ef	1219.8 ± 180.6^cd
125	925.2 ± 337.1^de	372.6 ± 232.1^gh	1298.4 ± 15.4^c	1836.4 ± 13.1ª
250	1398.0 ± 304.5^bc	522.3 ± 36.0^fg	1649.0 ± 218.2^ab	1938.2 ± 13.1^a
500	1872.7 ± 47.6^a	918.6 ± 33.4^de	1943.5 ± 8.6^a	1962.9 ± 1.8^a

The values are represented as means ± S.D. of three independent assays with five replicates each. Different letters within the same section indicate significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).

Table 2. Antimutagenic activity of crude extracts and fractions of white shrimp cephalotorax obtained after open column chromatography tested on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain at different concentrations (0.5–500 μg/mL). Mutagen sodium azide (0.1 mg/mL) was used as a positive control.

Dose (µg/mL)	Crude extracts				Fractions
	Hexane	Acetone	Methanol	Water-Soluble	H8	H25	H27
500	56.0 ± 5.7^ab	53.9 ± 5.7^abc	70.4 ± 7.6^a	69.2 ± 3.9^a	76.4 ± 3.1^ab	75.3 ± 3.1^ab	84.2 ± 4.1^a
50	19.2 ± 4.0^efg	36.0 ± 7.2^bcde	53.6 ± 4.1^abc	52.3 ± 5.7^abcd	56.7 ± 2.1^cde	65.7 ± 3.9^bc	75.1 ± 2.2^ab
5	4.3 ± 7.5^fgh	27.0 ± 2.7^def	37.2 ± 8.6^bcde	32.3 ± 6.1^cde	48.8 ± 4.0^de	60.9 ± 1.5^cd	66.4 ± 4.6^bc
0.5	−1.5 ± 2.6^hi	−4.5 ± 18.7^gh	28.2 ± 8.9^cdef	20.5 ± 8.7^efg	45.6 ± 1.4^e	44.0 ± 10.0^e	61.5 ± 5.3^cd

Results are presented as the percentage of inhibition of AzS mutation. The values are represented as means ± S.D. of three independent assays with three replicates each. Different letters in each section indicates significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).

Table 3. Antioxidant activity of fractions of Litopenaeus vannamei cephalotorax by DPPH (500 μg/mL) and ABTS (100 μg/mL) assays.

Fraction	DPPH μM eT	ABTS μM eT
H1	65.5 ± 3.2^fgh	181.6 ± 39.3^i
H2	71.6 ± 1.2^fgh	243.4 ± 22.6^ghi
H3	62.2 ± 2.9^gh	158.9 ± 7.4^ij
H4	93.6 ± 0.7^efgh	228.9 ± 7.9^ghi
H5	59.8 ± 1.7^gh	164.4 ± 20.6^ij
H6	57.4 ± 0.8^gh	65.3 ± 7.9^j
H7	63.4 ± 3.3^gh	207.9 ± 14.4^hi
H8	307.3 ± 1.5^a	950.9 ± 6.4^abc
H9	242.8 ± 3.9^abc	751.9 ± 8.8^d
H10	208.7 ± 0.8^abcd	324.2 ± 12.4^g
H11	123.4 ± 3.6^defgh	191.6 ± 17.5^i
H12	136.7 ± 4.1^cdefg	213.4 ± 4.7^ghi
H13	264.8 ± 3.5^ab	781.0 ± 8.4^d
H14	217.4 ± 3.4^abcd	464.1 ± 7.7^f
H15	243.7 ± 1.7^abc	590.3 ± 1.2^d
H16	258.4 ± 2.4^ab	634.8 ± 11.3^e
H17	247.6 ± 0.1^ab	536.7 ± 14.1^ef
H18	234.6 ± 1.4^abc	808.3 ± 36.2^d
H19	174.6 ± 12.5^bcdef	316.1 ± 6.7^gh
H20	23.9 ± 5.9^g	139.9 ± 23.5^ij
H21	212.0 ± 0.9^abcd	840.9 ± 20.1^cd
H22	198.1 ± 1.5^abcde	961.8 ± 0.7^a
H23	52.6 ± 31.9^gh	956.3 ± 2.4^ab
H24	79.7 ± 1.6^fgh	958.1 ± 1.2^a
H25	55.3 ± 0.8^gh	939.0 ± 9.5^abc
H26	48.9 ± 1.3^gh	954.5 ± 2.7^ab
H27	61.6 ± 0.5^gh	939.9 ± 7.1^abc
H28	55.3 ± 6.9^gh	843.7 ± 8.4^bcd
H29	83.0 ± 25.5^fgh	840.1 ± 10.1^cd

The values are represented as means ± S.D. of three independent assays with five replicates each. Different letters indicate significant difference in each column (p  ≤ 0.05).

Table 4. ABTS half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of Litopenaeus vannamei cephalotorax methanolic fractions.

Fracción	IC50 (mg/mL)
H8	0.025
H22	0.019
H23	0.026
H24	0.014
H25	0.005
H26	0.024
H27	0.004

Figure 1. Protective effect (olive time moment) to different concentrations (25 to 100 μg/mL) of methanolic extract and fractions H8, H25, H27 on blood cells exposed to H₂O₂. The value is expressed as means ± S.D. from two independent experiments. Different letters represent statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 2. Comets observed in the DNA oxidative damage protection assay. (a) control + (b) control – H₂O_2, (c) H₂O₂ + methanolic extract, (d) H₂O₂ + H8 fraction, (e) H₂O₂ + H25 fraction, and (f) H₂O₂ + fraction H 27.

Figure 3. Spectra of H27 fraction obtained by (a) UV-Vis, (b) ¹³C NMR (dissolved in CDCl₃) and (c) ¹H NMR (dissolved in CDCl₃).