Review on the application, health usage, and negative effects of molasses

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart industrial production rum.

Table 1. The physicochemical properties of sugar cane molasses used for rum production.

Parameter	Content	Reference
Brix (°Brix)	85.4–88.2% w/w	(Lea & Piggott, 2012; Jamir et al., 2021)
pH	5.49–5.69	(Mangwanda et al., 2021)
Protein	0.50–5.50% w/w	(Jamir et al., 2021; Mordenti et al., 2021; Tinashe et al., 2023)
Total nitrogen values	0.60–0.70% w/w	(Mangwanda et al., 2021)
Free amino nitrogen (FAN)	0.20–0.45% w/w	(Lea & Piggott, 2012; Palmonari et al., 2020)
Ash	8.76–13.55% w/w	(Tinashe et al., 2023)
Potassium	4.16–4.24% w/w	(Tinashe et al., 2023)

Table 2. Utilizing molasses as a raw material for the production of lactic acid (LA) with specific microorganisms.

Raw material	Microorganism	LA yield (g g^−1)	Fermentation time (h)	Productivity (g L^−1 h^−1)	Reference
Cane molasses	Bacillus coagulans	0.88	78	2.1	(Wang et al., 2011)
Corncob molasses	Bacillus sp. strain	0.38	48	0.50	(Wang et al., 2010)
Cane molasses	Lactobacillus delbrueckii Uc-3	0.95	40	4.15	(Dumbrepatil et al., 2008)
Beet molasses	Lactobacillus delbrueckii IFO 3202	0.77	–	4.83	(Göksungur & Güvenç, 1999)
Sugar molasses	Enterococcus faecalis RKY1	0.5	15	4.3	(Wee et al., 2004)

Table 3. Chemical composition of soy molasses for a nutritional regimen for cows.

Parameter	Content	Reference
Dry matter	53.1–82.5%	(Chajuss, 2004)
Protein	61.9 g/kg	(Zhong & Zhao, 2015)
Fat	4–20%	(Al Loman & Ju, 2016)
Ash	3–21.9%	(Long & Gibbons, 2013)
Soluble sugar	237.5 g/kg	(Zhong & Zhao, 2015)
Total phenolic content	12.1 g/kg	(Zhong & Zhao, 2015)
Stachyose	34.2%	(Long & Gibbons, 2013)
Saccharose	32%	(Chajuss, 2004)
Potassium	7.2%	(Rakita et al., 2021)
Magnesium	0.7%	(Mordenti et al., 2021)
Phosphorus	0.58%	(Rakita et al., 2021)
Chlorine	0.44%	(Rakita et al., 2021)
Calcium	0.31%	(Rakita et al., 2021)
Sodium	0.26%	(Rakita et al., 2021)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids	61.2–63.4%	(Zhong & Zhao, 2015)
Linoleic acid	54–56%	(Rakita et al., 2021)

Table 4. Sophorolipids production yields from molasses.

Type of molasses	yield (g l^−1)	Reference
Soy molasses with oleic acid	51	(Solaiman et al., 2007)
Beet molasses and residual oil cake	25.10	(Rodríguez et al., 2021)
Sugar cane molasses	10–23.25	(Celligoi et al., 2020; Daverey & Pakshirajan, 2009)
Sugar cane molasses and chicken fat	39.81	(Celligoi et al., 2020)
Soy molasses and dairy industry wastewater	38.76	(Daverey & Pakshirajan, 2009)
Soy molasses	75	(Solaiman et al., 2007)

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