Progress in combating antibiotic resistance in animal agriculture

Figures & data

Figure 1. Existing sterilization technology in animal agriculture.

Table 1. Summary of existing sterilization technologies in animal agriculture.

Sterilization technology		Antibiotic bacterial strains/antibiotic resistant genes	Degradation efficiency	Reference
Chemical sanitizers	Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) ICT = 15.8 mg min/L	Amp^R E. coli	Reduction of 0.5 log.	Campo et al. (2020)
	PAA ICT ~30 mg min/L		Reduction of 1 log.
	Performic acid (PFA) ICT = 4.7 mg min/L		Reduction of 1 log.
	PFA ICT = 6.8 mg min/L		Reduction of 2 log.
	PFA ICT = 10 mg min/L		Reduction of less than 100 CFU/100 mL.
	0.5 mg/L free chlorine, 30 min	E. coli (tetA, ampC) and E. faecium (ermB, vanA)	Reduction of 3.8–5.6 log of bacteria and 0.8–2.8 log of ARGs.	Stange et al. (2019)
	15 mg/L free available chlorine, 60 min	Ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecium	Reduction of 6 log.	Kim et al. (2020)
Anaerobic digestion	Solid anaerobic digestion (SAD) 55°C	tetC	The abundance of tetC was 17.7% of that in the 0th day.	Sun et al. (2019)
	SAD	sul2, ermQ, ermX, qnrA and aac (6’)-Ib-cr	The abundance of in SAD products reduced 0.31–0.76 log compared with liquid anaerobic digestion.
	SAD 35°C	tetC	The abundance of tetC was 20.9% of that in the 0th day.
		tetW	The abundance of tetW reduced 0.43 log.
		tetG	The abundance of tetG reduced by 46.5%.
	Thermophilic: 55°C	tetM, tetW, and tetX	Reduction of 0.1–1.5 log.	Sun et al. (2016)
	Moderate: 20°C Mesophilic: 35°C Thermophilic: 55°C	gyrA, intI1 and intI2	The absolute abundance of gyrA reduced by 47.3%; reduced intI1 and intI2 1.2–1.5 log.
Composting	Zeolite (F)	tetG, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetB(P), sul1 and sul2	The ARGs reduced by 86.5%.	Peng et al. (2018)
	Superphosphate (G)	tetG, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetB(P), sul1 and sul2	The ARGs reduced by 68.6%.	Peng et al. (2018)
	Zeolite and ferrous sulfate (FL)	tetG, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetB(P), sul1 and sul2	The ARGs reduced by 72.2%.	Peng et al. (2018)
Constructed wetland	–	Quinolone-resistant genes-qnrB, qnrD and qnrS; chloramphenicol-resistant genes-cmlA, fexA, fexB and floR and integrase genes-int1 and int2	The removal rate of total ARGs ranged from 50.0–85.8%.	J. Chen et al. (2016)
	–	Tetracycline-resistant gene(tet) and the integrase gene(intI1)	The removal rate of total ARGs ranged from 33.2–99.1%.	Huang et al. (2017)
Plasma oxidation	Mesoporous plasma oxidation	E. coli tetC, tetW, blaTEM-1, aac (3)-I and integration (intI1)	The ARGs removed 3.34-log within 10 min in the presence of Fe^2+, and more than 95% of the selected genes were eliminated.	Li et al. (2021b)
	Nanosecond pulsed plasma (NPP)	Penicillium-resistant S. aureus (PRSA), Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Gentamicin-resistant S. aureus (GRSA)	Multidrug-resistant bacteria changed from 10^7 to 10^3 CFU/mL, and log 4–5 bacteria were inactivated.	Hoon Park et al. (2015)
	Argon gas-feeding barrier discharge (Ar-DBD)	Penicillium-resistant S. aureus (PRSA), Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Gentamicin-resistant S. aureus (GRSA)	Multidrug-resistant bacteria changed from 10^7 to 10^4 CFU/mL, and log 3 bacteria were inactivated.
	Low intensity plasma (0.71 kJ/cm^2)	E. coli (containing a plasmid (pBR322) encoding ampicillin (blaTEM) and tetracycline (tet) resistance)	The reduction of CFU/mL in E. coli higher than 3 log.	Liao et al. (2021)
	The plasma dose of 1.41 kJ/cm^2 (8 min)	blaTEM and tet	The i-blaTEM and i-tet reduced more than 1 log copies/mL.
	Surface plasma	AR E. coli (resistant to antibiotics gentamicin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin)	Within 10 min of treatment, about 4.5 log of AR E. coli was inactivated, and it increased to 7.4 log of AR E. coli after adding Fe^2+.	Li et al. (2021a)
	Glow discharge plasma	Antibiotic-resistant E. coli with resistance genes (tetA, tetR, aphA) and transposase genes (tnpA)	The level of E. coli reduced by about 4.7 log after 15 min of discharge treatment, and the cell structure of 4.8 log E. coli was destroyed.	Yang et al. (2020)
		tetA, tetR, aphA and tnpA	The reduce of genes increased to 5.8, 5.4, 5.3 and 5.5 log respectively, and the total abundance of ARGs reduced by 3.9 log.
Bacteriophage	A. baumannii phase vB_AbaS_D0 and vB_AbaP_D2	Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (resistant to broad-spectrum anti- biotics)	The almost all of the bacterial cells were killed at time points 12- and 24-h.	Y. Yuan et al. (2019)
	Salmonella P22 (ATCC 97,541)	Ciprofloxacin-and erythromycin-re resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 19,585)	The minimum inhibitory concentration to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was reduced by more than twice.	Petsong et al. (2018)
Ozone (O3)	0.3 mg/L, 15 min	Erythromycin- and ethylparaben-resistant E. coli	No erythromycin- and ethylparaben- resistant E. coli could be detected.	Michael-Kordatou et al. (2017)
	3 mg/L	ARB (E. coli DH5α, containing a multi-resistance gene (pB10)) and ARG (pB10) decreased by more than 90%	The ARB and ARGs reduced by more than 90%.	Oh et al. (2014)
	1 mg/L, 5 min	E. coli (tet(A), ampC) and E. faecium (ermB, vanA)	Reduction of 5.0 log of bacterial cells and ARB; and reduction of 4.3–4.6 log of ARGs.	Stange et al. (2019)
Ultraviolet (UV)	220 mJ/cm^2	LIN-, oxytetracycline-, isochlorotetracycline- and SMN- resistant bacteria	The bacteria inactivation efficiency can be reached 3.4–4.2 log.	Macauley et al. (2006)
	UV-LED (275 nm), 60 min	Ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecium	Reduction of 6 log.	Kim et al. (2020)
	UV-C (254 nm, 5 min); UV-C light (8W, 254 nm, 2.3 µW/cm^2)	Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae; bla-KPC3 resistance-gene	Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was completely inactivated, and eliminated more than 98% of bla-KPC3 resistance-gene.	Serna-Galvis et al. (2020)
PDI	Methylene Blue (MB; as PS; 31 µM)	Antibiotic-resistant E. coli (resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Clavulanic acid, Cephalotin, Cefuroxime, Aztreonam, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Azithromycin, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole)	Reduction of more than 3 log10 in the colony forming units of all strains in planktonic state, and half of them decreased by more than 6 log10; in biofilm state, two and a half times the original dose of MB can produce 3 log10 sterilizing effect.	GulíGulíAs et al. (2020)
	Pyrogallol (PGL) as PS	E. coli and S. aureus (resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, tetracycline and vancomycin)	PGL inhibited 50% of E. coli and S. aureus cells at 0.186 and 0.103 mg/mL, respectively.	Sarker & Ahn, (2022)
	Terpinolene (TPN)) as PS	E. coli and S. aureus (resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, tetracycline and vancomycin)	TPN inhibited 50% of E. coli and S. aureus at 0.812 and 0.758 mg/mL.
Hybrid sterilization technology	Peracetic acid (50ppm) and UVC-LED	Ampicillin-resistant gene(amp^R)	The gene degraded on the surface of tomato and cabbage with a rate of 2.69 × 10^−2 cm^2/mJ and 2.48 × 10^−2 cm^2/mJ.	Shin et al. (2023)
	UV and US	Sulfonamide resistant E. coli and tetracycline resistant E. coli	Removed from 3.8 log to 0.005 log units. Removed from 4.4 log to 0.002 log units.	Rebecca Annisha et al. (2020)
	ClO2-photocatalysis	Sulfamethoxazole- resistant bacteria	Achieved 100% removal of sulfamethoxazole in 30 min.	Song et al. (2023)
	UV and ozone	Chlortetracycline resistant bacteria	Reduction of more than 5 log of ARB within 20 min.	Lee et al. (2011)
	UV LED (275 nm) and chlorine (free available chlorine (FAC): 15 mg/L)	Ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecium	Completely inactivation within 5 min.	Kim et al. (2020)
	UV (288 mJ/cm^2) and Cl2	Sulfanilamide-resistant gene-sul1	UV/Cl2 (20 mg Cl2/L) combined process and UV-Cl2 process (UV irradiation, 20 mg/L free chlorine, 60 min) removed 1.46 and 1.41 log of sul1 gene, respectively.	Liu & Hu, (2020)
	UV-C (254 nm)/H2O2 (1 mM) and UV-C/persulfate (1 mM)	Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, bla-KPC3 resistance-gene	Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was completely inactivated after 60 s of treatment, and bla-KPC3 resistance-gene can eliminate more than 98% of at 5 min.	Serna-Galvis et al. (2020)

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