Characteristics of potential buyers of low-pollution vehicles: the case of Santiago de Chile

Figures & data

Figure 1. Evolution of vehicles of the total number of low emission vehicles per year. Source: Own elaboration based on the ANAC 2023 report.

Table 1. Attributes and levels in the discrete choice experiment.

Attributes		[Level] Description
Purchase price^a	Conventional car	[1] 15,453 USD
		[2] 20,478 USD
		[3] 24,946 USD
	Electric car	[1] 30,304 USD
		[2] 37,056 USD
		[3] 39,691 USD
	Hybrid car	[1] 24,106 USD
		[2] 28,285 USD
		[3] 31,263 USD
Driving range (km per fill/charge)	Conventional car	[1] 450 km
		[2] 550 km
		[3] 650 km
	Electric car	[1] 199 km
		[2] 250 km
		[3] 280 km
	Hybrid car	[1] 350 km
		[2] 450 km
		[3] 550 km
Incentive	Conventional car	[1] 10%
	(Discount on purchase	[2] 20%
	price)	[3] 30%
	Electric car	[1] 30%
	(% of purchase price as	[2] 35%
	income tax rebate)	[3] 40%
	Hybrid car	[1] 20%
	(% of purchase price as	[2] 30%
	income tax rebate)	[3] 35%

^aPurchase prices are shown in US dollars (USD), but they were presented in Chilean pesos (CLP) in the survey. The average exchange rate in 2017 was 1 USD = 649 CLP (International Monetary Fund, 2021).

Table 2. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the sample.

Variable	Description	Sample (%)
Socio-economic information
	Gender
	Female	47
	Male	53
	Age
	30–39	47
	40–49	24
	50–59	21
	>60	8
	Level of education
	Elementary school or middle school	11
	Incomplete university education	10
	Technical education complete	15
	Completed university education	50
	Postgraduate studies	14
	Average income
	678.3 $ USD–1204.7 $ USD	29
	1206.1 $ USD–$20052.6 USD	34
	2054 $ USD–3435.6 $ USD	24
	3437.1 $ USD–5789.4 $ USD	11
	Over 5789.4 $ USD	2
Use of the vehicle	Driving frequency
	Once or twice a week	33
	Three to four times a week	62
	Four to five times a week	4
	More than five times a week	1
Variable	Description	Sample (%)
Purpose of the trip	To go to work
	Very frequently	49
	Frequently	15
	Occasionally	17
	Never	18
	Don't know/Not sure	2
	To go shopping
	Very frequently	35
	Frequently	39
	Occasionally	21
	Never	4
	Don't know/Not sure	1
	For leisure activities
	Very frequently	34
	Frequently	40
	Occasionally	19
	Never	6
	Don't know/Not sure	1
	For long trips
	Very frequently
	Frequently	29
	Occasionally	31
	Never	11
	Don't know/Not sure	1
How often you replace your car?	Years in use
	After 1 or 2 years	7
	After 3 or 4 years	36
	After 5 or 6 years	37
	After 7 or more years	20
Possible barriers to Electric Car Uptake	If it is considered a barrier
	Absence of charging stations	67
	Domestic refuelling time	79
	Commercial cost of vehicles	49
	Range per charge	67
	Cost of future battery replacement.	46
Attitudes Towards The Environment	Identify with the statement
	I don't think I should do anything to protect the environment	5
	My behaviour can help protect the environment	48
	I would like to play an active role in protecting the environment	13
	I am willing to make personal concessions to protect the environment	27
	I am willing to adopt clean technologies	8

Table 3. Average income level and target and actual number of observations per commune.

	Average monthly income in 2017 (USD)^a	Target number of observations	Actual number of observations
La Reina	3564	55	40
Las Condes	4127	60	70
Lo Barnechea	2975	50	45
Maipú	1553	75	90
Nuñoa	3481	58	55
Providencia	3555	52	52
Santiago	2158	90	100
Vitacur	4897	62	50

^aThe average monthly income in CLP was taken from Gobierno de Chile (2017) and converted to USD using the average exchange rate in 2017 (1 USD = 649 CLP) from the International Monetary Fund (2021).

Figure 2. Choice of vehicles according to environmental awareness.

Figure 3. Choice of vehicles by income bracket.

Figure 4. Choice of vehicles by age range.

Figure 5. Choice of vehicles by educational level.

Figure 6. Choice of vehicles by household size.

Table 4. Predicted probabilities and marginal effects from the estimated ordered probit model.

Predicted probabilities		Pq (A = 1) = 0.15	Pq (A = 2) = 0.40	Pq (A = 3) = 0.44
Variable	Value	Marginal eff	Marginal eff	Marginal eff
Age
40–49 years old	0.153 (2.95)	−4.91%	0.09%	4.82%
50–59 years old	0.124 (2.1)	4.46%	0.28%	4.18%
More of 60 years old	–	–	–	–
Academic background
Incomplete Education T/U	0.53 (3.3)	2.73%	2.43%	1.29%
Complete Technical Education	0.46 (2.96)	1.17%	2.34%	1.83%
University Education	0.55 (3.59)	2.65%	2.45%	1.2%
Postgraduate	0.61 (4.44)	2.02%	2.34%	2.68%
Household size
Two people	0.23 (3.29)	9.25%	0.36%	−8.96%
Three people	–	–	–	–
four people	–	–	–	–
five people	5.50 (3.74)	1.95%	−1.74%	−1.21%
Six or more people	−0.66 (−2.11)	−2.49%	−3.11%	−2.60%
Gender
Female	0.08 (2.11)	3.23%	0.07%	3.16%
Income
1206.1 $ US–20,052.6 $US	0.359 (3.510)	2.8%	2.1%	3.6%
2054 $ US–3435.6 $ US	0.466 (4.730)	3.5%	5%	1.8%
3437.1 $ US – 5789.4 $ US	0.22 (2.1)	4.2%	6.2%	5%
More than 5789.4 $ US	–	–	–	–
Number of obs	4364
Final log likelihood:	−4324.6128

International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook update, July 2021. https://imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/07/27/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2021)

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