Meaning-focused output and meaning-focused input: The case of passive and active vocabulary learning

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

Group		N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness		Kurtosis
								Std. Error		Std. Error
Input	OPT	20	25.00	46.00	35.6000	6.45144	.001	.512	−1.129	.992
	Valid N (listwise)	20
Output	OPT	18	28.00	44.00	36.5556	5.10158	−.310	.536	−1.103	1.038
	Valid N (listwise)	18

Table 2. Independent samples test

		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference
OPT	Equal variances assumed	1.578	.217	−.503	36	.618	−.95556	1.90158

Table 3. Descriptive statistics

Group		N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness		Kurtosis
								Std. Error		Std. Error
Output	Pre-test. Active	18	2.00	4.00	3.1111	.75840	−.195	.536	−1.118	1.038
	Pre-test. Passive	18	2.00	5.00	3.5000	.85749	.000	.536	−.337	1.038
	Pre-test. Total	18	4.00	9.00	6.6111	1.37793	.043	.536	−.358	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Active	18	6.00	11.00	8.8889	1.32349	−.287	.536	−.025	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Passive	18	7.00	12.00	9.3889	1.50054	.182	.536	−.580	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Total	18	13.00	23.00	18.2778	2.73981	.078	.536	−.389	1.038
	Valid N (listwise)	18

Table 4. Multivariate^a,b

Group	Within Subjects Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Output	Test	Pillai’s Trace	.957	176.463^c	2.000	16.000	.000	.957
		Wilks’ Lambda	.043	176.463^c	2.000	16.000	.000	.957
		Hotelling’s Trace	22.058	176.463^c	2.000	16.000	.000	.957
		Roy’s Largest Root	22.058	176.463^c	2.000	16.000	.000	.957

a. Design: Intercept

Within Subjects Design: Test

b. Tests are based on averaged variables.

c. Exact statistic

Table 5. Univariate tests

Group	Source	Measure		Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Output	Test	Active	Sphericity Assumed	300.444	1	300.444	350.901	.000	.954
			Greenhouse-Geisser	300.444	1.000	300.444	350.901	.000	.954
			Huynh-Feldt	300.444	1.000	300.444	350.901	.000	.954
			Lower-bound	300.444	1.000	300.444	350.901	.000	.954
		Passive	Sphericity Assumed	312.111	1	312.111	280.900	.000	.943
			Greenhouse-Geisser	312.111	1.000	312.111	280.900	.000	.943
			Huynh-Feldt	312.111	1.000	312.111	280.900	.000	.943
			Lower-bound	312.111	1.000	312.111	280.900	.000	.943
		Total	Sphericity Assumed	1225.000	1	1225.000	365.351	.000	.956
			Greenhouse-Geisser	1225.000	1.000	1225.000	365.351	.000	.956
			Huynh-Feldt	1225.000	1.000	1225.000	365.351	.000	.956
			Lower-bound	1225.000	1.000	1225.000	365.351	.000	.956

Table 6. Descriptive statistics

Group		N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness		Kurtosis
								Std. Error		Std. Error
Input	Pre-test. Active	20	2.00	4.00	2.8000	.76777	.372	.512	−1.13	.992
	Pre-test. Passive	20	3.00	7.00	5.1500	1.22582	−.124	.512	−.740	.992
	Pre-test. Total	20	5.00	11.00	7.9500	1.82021	.024	.512	−1.15	.992
	Im. Post-test. Active	20	6.00	12.00	8.5500	1.57196	.304	.512	−.067	.992
	Im. Post-test. Passive	20	7.00	12.00	9.3500	1.53125	.218	.512	−.921	.992
	Im. Post-test. Total	20	13.00	24.00	17.9000	2.97180	.201	.512	−.481	.992
	Valid N (listwise)	20

Table 7. Multivariate^a,b

Group	Within Subjects Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Input	Test	Pillai’s Trace	.908	88.919^c	2.000	18.000	.000	.908
		Wilks’ Lambda	.092	88.919^c	2.000	18.000	.000	.908
		Hotelling’s Trace	9.880	88.919^c	2.000	18.000	.000	.908
		Roy’s Largest Root	9.880	88.919^c	2.000	18.000	.000	.908

a. Design: Intercept

Within Subjects Design: Test

b. Tests are based on averaged variables.

c. Exact statistic

Table 8. Univariate Tests

Group	Source	Measure		Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Input	Test	Active	Sphericity Assumed	330.625	1	330.625	185.443	.000	.907
			Greenhouse-Geisser	330.625	1.000	330.625	185.443	.000	.907
			Huynh-Feldt	330.625	1.000	330.625	185.443	.000	.907
			Lower-bound	330.625	1.000	330.625	185.443	.000	.907
		Passive	Sphericity Assumed	176.400	1	176.400	82.552	.000	.813
			Greenhouse-Geisser	176.400	1.000	176.400	82.552	.000	.813
			Huynh-Feldt	176.400	1.000	176.400	82.552	.000	.813
			Lower-bound	176.400	1.000	176.400	82.552	.000	.813
		Total	Sphericity Assumed	990.025	1	990.025	145.283	.000	.884
			Greenhouse-Geisser	990.025	1.000	990.025	145.283	.000	.884
			Huynh-Feldt	990.025	1.000	990.025	145.283	.000	.884
			Lower-bound	990.025	1.000	990.025	145.283	.000	.884

Table 9. Descriptive statistics

Group		N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness		Kurtosis
								Std. Error		Std. Error
Input	Pre-test. Active	20	2.00	4.00	2.8000	.76777	.372	.512	−1.131	.992
	Pre-test. Passive	20	3.00	7.00	5.1500	1.22582	−.124	.512	−.740	.992
	Pre-test. Total	20	5.00	11.00	7.9500	1.82021	.024	.512	−1.153	.992
	Im. Post-test. Active	20	6.00	12.00	8.5500	1.57196	.304	.512	−.067	.992
	Im. Post-test. Passive	20	7.00	12.00	9.3500	1.53125	.218	.512	−.921	.992
	Im. Post-test. Total	20	13.00	24.00	17.9000	2.97180	.201	.512	−.481	.992
	Valid N (listwise)	20
Output	Pre-test. Active	18	2.00	4.00	3.1111	.75840	−.195	.536	−1.118	1.038
	Pre-test. Passive	18	2.00	5.00	3.5000	.85749	.000	.536	−.337	1.038
	Pre-test. Total	18	4.00	9.00	6.6111	1.37793	.043	.536	−.358	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Active	18	6.00	11.00	8.8889	1.32349	−.287	.536	−.025	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Passive	18	7.00	12.00	9.3889	1.50054	.182	.536	−.580	1.038
	Im. Post-test. Total	18	13.00	23.00	18.2778	2.73981	.078	.536	−.389	1.038
	Valid N (listwise)	18

Table 10. Multivariate Tests^a

Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Group	Pillai’s Trace	.066	1.161^b	2.000	33.000	.326	.066
	Wilks’ Lambda	.934	1.161^b	2.000	33.000	.326	.066
	Hotelling’s Trace	.070	1.161^b	2.000	33.000	.326	.066
	Roy’s Largest Root	.070	1.161^b	2.000	33.000	.326	.066
a. Design: Intercept + Pre-test. Passive + Pre-test. Active + Pre-test. Total + Group
b. Exact statistic

Table 11. Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances^a

	F	df1	df2	Sig.
Im. Post-test. Passive	.093	1	36	.762
Im. Post-test .Active	.632	1	36	.432
Im. Post-test. Total	.275	1	36	.603
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.

a. Design: Intercept + Pre-test.Passive + Pre-test.Active + Pre-test.Total + Group

Table 12. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Source	Dependent Variable	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Group	Im.Post-test.Passive	.376	1	.376	.155	.696	.005
	Im.Post-test.Active	2.740	1	2.740	1.243	.273	.035
	Im.Post-test.Total	5.147	1	5.147	.601	.444	.017

a. R Squared = .007 (Adjusted R Squared = −.081)

b. R Squared = .037 (Adjusted R Squared = −.048)

c. R Squared = .018 (Adjusted R Squared = −.068)