A Review of the Use of Investigative Projects in Statistics and Data Science Courses

Figures & data

Table 1 Selected articles describing investigative projects conducted in pre-college Classrooms.

Audience level	Source(s)
Elementary School	Du Feu (2005)
	Metz (2004)
	Cobb (2015)
	Paparistodemou and Meletiou-Mavrotheris (2008)
Middle School	Ghinis, Chadjipantelis, and Bersimis (2005) Santos and César (2006) Lavigne and Lajoie (2002)
Pre-college students in Ireland	Boland (1998)
High School	Dolan (1979)
Advanced Placement Statistics Class	Groth and Powell (2004)

Table 2 Selected articles describing investigative projects conducted at the college and graduate level.

Audience level	Source(s)
Elementary Statistics Class	Fillebrown (1994)
Introductory Statistics or Data Science Class	Baki and Baki (2014) Dierker et al. (2012) Halvorsen (2010) Guyot, Walker, and White (2018) Kaus (2008) Sylwester and Mee (1993) Wardrop (1999)
Community College	Brown (2006)
Second or Third Courses in a Statistical Sequence	Ledolter (1995) Mackisack (1994) Periasamy (2006) Shemyakin and Tiefenbruck (2009)
Design of Experiments	Hunter (1977)
Probability Courses	MacGillivray (2002) Sisto (2009)
Senior Capstone	Blaconá (2006) Griffiths and Evans (1976) Mackisack and Petocz (2002) and Martonosi and Williams (2016) Yesilcay (2000)
Graduate School CAPSULES Program	Thompson (2009)
Graduate School MBA program	Love (1998) Roberts (1992) Sisto (2009) Smith (2011)

Table 3 Selected articles describing projects implemented in large class settings.

Class size	Discipline	Source(s)
120	Engineering	Bryce (1993)
200	Engineering	MacGillivray (2002)
200	Business	Sylwester and Mee (1993)
250	Business	Zahn (1993)
250+	None specified	Ledolter (1995)
400+	Engineering	Forster and MacGillivray (2010)
600	None specified	Ledolter (1995)

Table 4 Selected articles specifying group size, number of projects conducted per course, and corresponding class size.

Group	Projects	Class
size	per course	size	Source(s)
2–3	1	40–50	Halvorsen (2010)
	1	25–45	Mackisack (1994)
	2	24	Dolan (1979)
	2	10–25	Sisto (2009)
	6	30	Smith (1998)
2 – 4	1	100+	Bryce (1993)
	1	32	Kaus (2008)
3	1	∼300	Terán (2020)
	1		Yesilcay (2000)
3–4	1	large	Baki and Baki (2014)
	1	400	MacGillivray (1998)
3–5	1	∼35	Biajone (2006)
		small	Chance (1997)
4–5	1	15–25	Shemyakin and Tiefenbruck (2009)
5	1	∼300	Ledolter (1995)
	5		Davidson, Dewey, and Fleming (2019)

Table 5 Selected articles for which datasets are provided by the instructor or client.

Dataset provider	Source(s)
Instructor	Albert (2000) Biehler (2007) Boehm and Hanlon (2021) Dierker et al. (2012) Frischemeier (2020) Holcomb and Ruffer (2000) Terán (2020) Witmer (1992)
Client organization	Anderson and Sungur (1999) Lasser et al. (2021) Mackisack and Petocz (2002) Thompson (2009)

Table 6 Selected articles for which data are collected by students from Physical spaces.

Audience	Data collection
level	location	Source(s)
Elementary school	Local park	Du Feu (2005)
	Themselves	Paparistodemou and Meletiou-Mavrotheris (2008)
High school	Local stores	Dolan (1979)
College	Daily routine	Chadjipadelis and Andreadis (2006)
	Local coffee shops	Sole and Weinberg (2017)

Table 7 Selected articles for which data are collected by students from online sources.

Level of students	Source(s)
Middle school	Lavigne and Lajoie (2002)
High school	Groth and Powell (2004)
Elementary statistics college course	Field (1985) Fillebrown (1994)
Introductory statistics college course	Halvorsen (2010) Sevin (1995) Smith (1998)

Table 8 Selected articles for which data are collected from experiments.

	Included list
Audience	of topics	Source(s)
Engineering statistics course		Bryce (1993)
Users of The Island Project	Yes	Bulmer and Haladyn (2011)
Design of experiments course	Yes	Hunter (1977)
Engineering statistics course		MacGillivray (2002)
Second year math majors	Yes	Mackisack (1994)
Introductory statistics course	Yes	Wardrop (1999)

Table 9 Selected articles summarizing project duration with projects conducted at the pre-college level.

Project duration	Audience level	Source(s)
A few class periods	Elementary school	Du Feu (2005)
3–4 days	Middle school	Lavigne and Lajoie (2002)
2 weeks	High school	Landrum and Smith (2007)

Table 10 Selected articles summarizing project duration with projects conducted at the college level.

Project duration	Source(s)
2 weeks	Smith (1998)
3 weeks	Davidson, Dewey, and Fleming (2019) Hunter (1977)
5 weeks	Mackisack (1994)
1 semester	Anderson and Sungur (1999) Baki and Baki (2014) Biajone (2006) Bryce (1993) Chance (1997) Fillebrown (1994) Guyot, Walker, and White (2018) Halvorsen (2010) Kaus (2008) MacGillivray (1998) Roberts (1992) Sevin (1995) Terán (2020) Zahn (1993)
1 Year	Boehm and Hanlon (2021) Griffiths and Evans (1976) Mackisack and Petocz (2002) Yesilcay (2000)

Table 11 Selected articles where authors specify implementing more than one project per course.

Number of projects	Audience level	Source(s)
2	High school	Dolan (1979) Groth and Powell (2004)
	College	Spence, Bailey, and Sharp (2017) Sylwester and Mee (1993) Wardrop (1999)
3	Middle school	Lavigne and Lajoie (2002)
	College	Campos et al. (2010) Sisto (2007)
5	College	Davidson, Dewey, and Fleming (2019)
6	College	Smith (1998)
10 (smaller)	College	Bingham (2010)

Table 12 Selected articles where authors specify number of sub-assignments of a project.

Number of sub-assignments	Source(s)
1	Hunter (1977) Ledolter (1995) McKenzie (1993) Smith (1998)
3	Roberts (1992) Sisto (2009) Sole and Weinberg (2017) Terán (2020) Zahn (1993)
4	Root and Thorme (2001)
5	Chance (1997)
6 (only 1 graded)	Sevin (1995)
6	Sylwester and Mee (1993)
11	Bryce (1993)

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