Effects of supplementing with an 18% carbohydrate-hydrogel drink versus a placebo during whole-body exercise in −5 °C with elite cross-country ski athletes: a crossover study

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive and training characteristics of the 12 participants (mean ± SD)

Fig. 1 Schematic of the experimental trial day. CHO = carbohydrate, RPE = rating of perceived exertion, GI = gastrointestinal

Fig. 2 Mean ± SD changes in δ ¹³CO2 in expired CO₂ during the 120-min submaximal exercise bout. ^cSignificant difference between CHO-HG and PLA (P < 0.0001; n = 12)

Table 2 Mean ± SD RER and substrate oxidation (g min^− 1·kg LBM^− 1·10^− 2) during the second hour of submaximal exercise (60–120 min)

Fig. 3 The relative contributions of fat, endogenous carbohydrate and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation to the total energy yield during the second hour of exercise (60–120 min). PLA, placebo trial; CHO-HG, carbohydrate trial. Significant difference between CHO-HG and PLA (P < 0.05) for ^afemales (n = 6) and ^bmales (n = 6) and ^call athletes (n = 12)

Fig. 4 Mean ± SD blood glucose (a) and lactate (b) concentrations. Significant difference between CHO-HG and PLA for ^afemales (n = 6) and ^bmales (n = 6) and ^call athletes (n = 12)

Table 3 Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceptions of gastrointestinal symptoms during the 120-min submaximal exercise (n = 12)

Fig. 5 Mean ± SD time taken to complete the 2000-m TT for females (a) and 2400-m TT for males (b). PLA, placebo trial; CHO-HG, carbohydrate trial

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).