Supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation improves the antioxidative activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and therapeutic index of Panax ginseng

Figures & data

Table 1 Half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) values from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer extract and fractions for antioxidative properties

Table 2 Pearson’s product moment correlation analyses between antioxidant ability, anti-inflammatory ability, and contents of ginsenosides

Figure 1 Effects of different fractions of Panax ginseng extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide on cell viability of THP-1 monocytes.

Notes: The human THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with different dosages of E, R, F1, F2, and F3 (100–800 μg/mL) for 24 h. The cell viability was determined via trypan-blue exclusion counting method. Values were mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. *Significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the LPS-induced sample. Different letters denote significant differences between the four concentrations within each fraction.
Abbreviations: Cont, control; E, ethanolic extract; F, fraction; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; R, residue; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 2 Inhibition of TNF-α production by different fractions extracted from Panax ginseng.

Notes: The human THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of E, R, F1, F2 (50–400 μg/mL), and F3 (13–100 μg/mL) for 1 h followed by administration of LPS (100 ng/mL) for another 24 h. The TNF-α levels in the collected medium were then determined via ELISA method. Values are mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. *Significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the LPS-induced sample. Different letters denote significant differences between the four concentrations within each fraction.
Abbreviations: Cont, control; E, ethanolic extract; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; F, fraction; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; R, residue; SEM, standard error of the mean; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 3 Decrease in IL-6 production by fractions extracted from Panax ginseng.

Notes: The human THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of E, R, F1, F2 (50–400 μg/mL), and F3 (13–100 μg/mL) for 1 h followed by administration of LPS (100 ng/mL) for another 24 h. The IL-6 levels in the collected medium were then determined via ELISA method. Values are mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. *Significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the LPS-induced sample. Different letters denote significant differences between the four concentrations within each fraction.
Abbreviations: Cont, control; E, ethanolic extract; F, fraction; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; R, residue; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Table 3 Therapeutic index (TI: CC₅₀/EC₅₀) of extract and fractions in THP-1 cells for anti-inflammatory effect on TNF-α and IL-6 production