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Review

New therapeutics for the prevention or amelioration of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a narrative review of the preclinical literature

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Received 05 Dec 2023, Accepted 26 May 2024, Published online: 18 Jul 2024
 

ABSTRACT

Background: Ethanol consumption during pregnancy induces enduring detrimental effects in the offspring, manifesting as a spectrum of symptoms collectively termed as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Presently, there is a scarcity of treatments for FASD.

Objectives: To analyze current literature, emphasizing evidence derived from preclinical models, that could potentially inform therapeutic interventions for FASD.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted focusing on four prospective treatments: nutritional supplements, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds and environmental enrichment. The review also highlights innovative therapeutic strategies applied during early (e.g. folate administration, postnatal days 4–9) or late (e.g. NOX2 inhibitors given after weaning) postnatal stages that resulted in significant improvements in behavioral responses during adolescence (a critical period marked by the emergence of mental health issues in humans).

Results: Our findings underscore the value of treatments centered around nutritional supplementation or environmental enrichment, aimed at mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, implying shared mechanisms in FASD pathogenesis. Moreover, the review spotlights emerging evidence pertaining to the involvement of novel molecular components with potential pharmacological targets (such as NOX2, MCP1/CCR2, PPARJ, and PDE1).

Conclusions: Preclinical studies have identified oxidative imbalance and neuroinflammation as relevant pathological mechanisms induced by prenatal ethanol exposure. The relevance of these mechanisms, which exhibit positive feedback loop mechanisms, appear to peak during early development and decreases in adulthood. These findings provide a framework for the future development of therapeutic avenues in the development of specific clinical treatments for FASD.

Resumen

Antecedentes: El consumo de etanol durante el embarazo induce efectos perjudiciales en la descendencia, manifestándose como un espectro de síntomas denominado Trastornos del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal (TEAF). Los tratamientos disponibles para el TEAF son muy escasos.

Objetivos: Analizar la literatura actual, haciendo hincapié en evidencia derivada de modelos preclínicos, para informar y describir intervenciones terapéuticas nuevas para los TEAF.

Métodos: Se desarrolló una revisión narrativa, centrada en cuatro tratamientos potenciales: suplementos nutricionales, antioxidantes, compuestos antiinflamatorios y enriquecimiento ambiental. También se revisaron estrategias terapéuticas innovadoras, aplicadas durante etapas postnatales tempranas (ej. administración de folato en días postnatales 4–9) o más tardías (ej. inhibidores de NOX2, dados después del destete) que resultan en mejoras significativas en las respuestas conductuales durante la adolescencia (un período crítico en humanos, donde surgen problemas de salud mental).

Resultados: Los hallazgos subrayan el valor de tratamientos basados en suplementos nutricionales o en el enriquecimiento ambiental, para mitigar el estrés oxidativo y la neuroinflamación, lo que sugiere mecanismos compartidos en la patogénesis del TEAF. La revisión destaca evidencia relacionada con la participación de nuevos componentes moleculares con posibles blancos farmacológicos (ej. NOX2, MCP1/CCR2, PPARJ y PDE1).

Conclusiones: Las investigaciones preclínicas han identificado el desequilibrio oxidativo y la neuroinflamación como mecanismos patológicos inducidos por la exposición prenatal al alcohol. La relevancia de estos mecanismos, que exhiben retroalimentación positiva, parece alcanzar su punto máximo durante el desarrollo temprano. Estos hallazgos proporcionan un marco conceptual para el desarrollo de tratamientos clínicos específicos para los TEAF.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributors

Original draft preparation: Montserrat Olivares, María Carolina Fabio, Erwin De la Fuente, Paola Haeger, Ricardo Pautassi. Visualization: Erwin De la Fuente, Paola Haeger. Funding acquisition: Paola Haeger, Ricardo Pautassi. Curation: Montserrat Olivares, María Carolina Fabio, Erwin De la Fuente, Paola Haeger, Ricardo Pautassi. Project administration: Paola Haeger, Ricardo Pautassi. Writing, final draft preparation, Montserrat Olivares, María Carolina Fabio, Erwin De la Fuente, Paola Haeger, Ricardo Pautassi.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by PICT-2021-I-A-00035 Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (FONCyT), to RMP; PEW Biomed Innovation-2021-A-18047 and ANID-MILENIO (Grant number NCN2023_32), to PH and Fondecyt Postdoctorado grant (No. 3230704) to MOC. The funders had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

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