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Articles

Entrepreneurship, gender gap and developing economies: the case of post-apartheid South Africa

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Pages 293-324 | Received 10 Jun 2017, Accepted 26 Nov 2017, Published online: 26 Dec 2017
 

Abstract

This empirical study examines the extent to which risk aversion and entrepreneurial ability influence an individual's decision to enter into entrepreneurship. Precisely, it delineates the gender gap in self-employment, nascent and high growth entrepreneurship. In doing so, it utilizes the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor South Africa databases containing 19,469 usable cases sampled between 2009 and 2014. The study adopts a quantitative approach and it applies an estimator in the form of a probit model and a non-linear decomposition technique to test established hypotheses. The results indicate that lower levels of knowledge and skills among women explain a substantial part of the gender gap. Thus, the gender gap in nascent and high growth entrepreneurship would be reduced if women had similar characteristics as men. Also, their entry rates into self-employment would be high and there would be no gender difference. This shifts the emphasis from the significance of risk aversion for local entrepreneurship to accentuate the importance of entrepreneurial-specific skills required to successfully engage in entrepreneurship.

Cette étude empirique examine jusqu'où l'aversion au risque et les compétences entrepreneuriales influencent la décision d'un individu qui se lance dans l'entrepreneuriat. Plus précisément, elle délimite l’écart entre les sexes dans l'auto-emploi et dans les entrepreneuriats naissant et de forte croissance. Pour cela, elle s'appuie sur les bases de données de l'Observatoire mondial de l'entrepreneuriat en Afrique du Sud qui contiennent 19.496 cas utilisables et échantillonnés entre 2009 et 2014. L’étude adopte une approche quantitative et applique un estimateur sous forme d'un modèle de probits et une méthode de décomposition non-linéaire pour éprouver les hypothèses établies. Les résultats indiquent que les niveaux de connaissance et de compétences plus faibles parmi les femmes expliquent une part considérable de l’écart entre les sexes. Ainsi, dans les entrepreneuriats naissant et de forte croissance, l’écart entre les sexes serait réduit si les femmes avaient des caractéristiques similaires à celles des hommes. De plus, leur taux d'entrée dans l'auto-emploi serait élevé et, dans cette variable, l’écart entre les sexes n'existerait pas. Cela a pour effet de transformer l'attention particulière accordée à l'aversion au risque pour l'entrepreneuriat local en une prise en compte grandissante de l'importance des compétences spécifiquement entrepreneuriales requises pour s'engager avec succès dans l'entrepreneuriat.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Frederick Wedzerai Nyakudya

Frederick Wedzerai Nyakudya is a lecturer at the Nottingham Business School at Nottingham Trent University in the United Kingdom. His research interests include comparative entrepreneurship, high growth aspiration entrepreneurship, strategy and international business.

Amon Simba

Amon Simba is a senior academic in entrepreneurship and strategy at Nottingham Business School (NBS) and an associate editor for JSBE. His research interests lie in the field of entrepreneurship and strategy with a particular focus on developing and emerging economies.

Michael Herrington

Michael Herrington is an executive director of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) which is part of the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA) an organization operating in over 100 countries covering all geographic regions and at all levels of economic development. He is also the team leader for GEM South Africa and is currently based at the Faculty of Commerce, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

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