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Abstract
This study has three main goals: (1) to test an instrument designed to measure first language metacognitive listening strategies in other cultural contexts, (2) to refine and revise the scale if necessary, and (3) to discern whether the notion that first language listeners use intuitive strategies to make meaning regardless of language is supported. Toward these goals, authors developed the Intercultural Metacognitive Listening Strategies Instrument, which displays evidence of validity in four populations and three distinct cultures: the United States, Germany, and Japan. Ultimately, this study supports the notion that there are intuitive strategies that listeners use to make meaning regardless of language.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Teruko Akita, Petia Bobadova, Margarete Imhof, Sanna Ala-Kortesmaa, and Sylvia Velikova for their translation and data collection assistance. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge Teruko Akita, Margarete Imhof, Olivia Välikoski, Tuula-Riitta Välikoski, and Teija Waaramaa for their data collection assistance.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This project was supported, in part, by a Presidential Grant from Rockhurst University, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Notes
1. Because these data were captured through an Internet-based survey, participants could live anywhere in the world. A call for teachers interested in helping with intercultural listening research was posted in CRTNET-News, on the International Listening Association website, and through word of mouth at the National Communication Association.