Behind the scenes of COVID-19 response: a social network analysis of policy actors in Bandung City

Abstract

Mapping the roles of various actors involved in handling a pandemic is significant for effective policy integration. It helps clarify each actor’s authority, the coordination level and the interaction patterns formed. This emergence of COVID-19 as a cross-sectoral issue necessitates involvement from numerous actors, given its impact produces trade-offs in the health, social and economic sectors, thereby rendering a balance in its implementation imperative. In the context of the pandemic, swift and appropriate policy integration and collaboration between industries are essential to address its broad and complex impact. This study aims to identify prominent actors in handling the pandemic by employing social network analysis (SNA) supported by the Socio-Technogram Network to map the actor centrality in the network structure for handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City. The findings reveal that policy actors in the health sector had the highest centrality in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City, mainly due to the significant involvement of non-human factors regulated mostly by the Health Agency. Therefore, ensuring stability in the health system is pivotal to successfully handling COVID-19 in Bandung City.

Impact Statement

Every government faces a health crisis due to the trade-off between the health system and the economy to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The cross-sectoral COVID-19 pandemic requires a dynamic, integrated and effective policy response involving diverse central and local government actors. The policy actors involved in overcoming it also establish communication and coordination networks to carry out their duties.

Policymakers in the healthcare sector play the most central role. They have the most extensive network and influence over other policymakers in handling the COVID-19 Pandemic in local-level government, such as in the City of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The results of this study are pertinent to policymakers, healthcare professionals, and the general audience. Enhancing comprehension of the interactions of policy players in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to offer assessment and feedback for pertinent stakeholders in managing non-natural disasters in the future.

Keywords:

• Policy integration
• social network analysis
• centrality
• socio-technogram
• COVID-19

Reviewing Editor:

• Komalsingh Rambaree, Social Work and Criminology, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden

Subjects:

• Urban Development
• Health & Development
• Regional Development
• Sociology & Social Policy

Introduction

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, health systems are struggling to promptly deploy, manage and employ resources in order to minimize societal damage (Gomes Chaves et al., 2023). The healthcare plan for dealing with pandemics adopts a model for responding to outbreaks that occurred prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in larger casualties in excess of those previously anticipated (Coccolini et al., 2020; Thapa, 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that even a strong healthcare system is not immune to the complexities of this pandemic (Gomes Chaves et al., 2023).

The focus of handling the COVID-19 pandemic is not merely on the health sector but has also penetrated other sectors, such as social and economy, and has shown an impact on the sustainability of sustainable development (Haleem et al., 2020; Ristić et al., 2020). Interaction among stakeholders, such as the government, the business sector and society, is critical to ensuring long-term economic development through good governance practices (Buchari et al., 2024). Primarily, due to the wide-ranging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic beyond healthcare system, neglecting to address these impacts may eventually lead to cascading failures in the social, political and economic sectors (Wernli et al., 2021). The phenomenon shows that COVID-19 is a zoonosis, a disease that may be transmitted from animals to people or vice versa, with the potential to significantly disrupt the normal structure of life (Hynes et al., 2020). For the purpose of preventing the virus from spreading, the government has put in place a number of social interaction restrictions, which have drastically changed people’s routines on a daily basis (Ristić et al., 2020). We can choose to maximize social and environmental factors and meaningful work, and it requires cooperation and protection of more vulnerable groups while implementing social distancing (J. McIntyre-Mills, 2020; J. J. McIntyre-Mills, 2022).

The speed of virus transmission has encouraged governments in various countries to take appropriate and immediate policies in controlling population mobilization, accompanied by efforts to develop an adequate health system (OECD, 2020; Yeo, 2020). Despite the fact that handling social, economic and health sectors due to pandemics is fragmented based on the responsibilities of each government agency, it must be conducted in an integrated way and find the right balance because it generates trade-offs when applied (Aminullah et al., 2023; Miftah et al., 2023b; Suwarno & Rahayu, 2021). The complexity of handling the COVID-19 pandemic, which is cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder, is a challenge requiring a dynamic and effective policy response from the government in dealing with crises to minimize the impact (Han et al., 2020; Mei, 2020; Su & Han, 2020).

To suppress COVID-19 transmission, the Chinese Government, with its centralized authority and supported by a quick response (QR) from the local government, implemented a regional quarantine policy in Wuhan City as the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. They also implemented the use of technology through the QR health code to get community participation and other actors, such as NGOs (Han et al., 2020; Mei, 2020; Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir, 2020). Meanwhile, the Vietnamese Government, which was called one of the ‘safest countries’ from COVID-19, intervened by quickly closing the accessibility of areas affected by the pandemic and forming the National Steering Committee for the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19 Outbreak. At the grassroots level, Vietnam formed a kind of Rapid Action Team based on the principle of the ‘four on-spot’ policy or local plans in preparing for disasters that could occur at any time (Hoang et al., 2020).

Unlike China and Vietnam, the South Korean government was considered quite successful in controlling COVID-19 transmission without implementing strict regional quarantine measures (Kim, 2020; Moon, 2020). Collaborations between central and local governments in mobilizing resources, technology, human resources (manpower), health facilities, armed forces support, cooperation development schemes between academics and experts, strengthening the role of the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), and Central Disaster Management Headquarters (CDMH), and the learning process in identifying problems and public trust in the government were important points in controlling the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea (Kim, 2020; S. Lee et al., 2020; X. Wang et al., 2020). Meanwhile, several Western countries, such as France, England, Spain, Italy and the United States, were facing difficulties in handling the COVID-19 pandemic since they had a fairly high rate of positive COVID-19 confirmed cases (Thu et al., 2020).

This pandemic attack became a reflection for governments worldwide; that developed countries with high incomes are not necessarily more resilient than developing countries (Freed et al., 2020; (Hamiduzzaman et al., 2022). Furthermore, socio-cultural elements, such as trust in government, culture, group mentality and shared previous experiences dealing with epidemics are significant (Binte Aamir et al., 2022; Chowdhury & Jomo, 2020). Social solidarity and collective beliefs drive local wisdom rooted in community culture and become a space for negotiation when confronted with an unexpected crisis, resulting in solutions implemented during COVID-19, for instance, Jogo Tonggo and Pager Mangkok in Indonesia (Harini et al., 2022). Similarly, when the government adopts program titles embrace social inclusivity and community-centered approaches, which fostering the sense of social solidarity. Moreover, the government also adopted the name of a program that prioritizes social inclusivity and community-centeredness based on the principles of social solidarity, which goes beyond mere ‘social separation’ or ‘physical distancing’ (Chowdhury & Jomo, 2020).

In line with global practices for pandemic handling, Indonesia is also formulating policies to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The Indonesian government has intensively handled the pandemic through central and regional government coordination (Putera et al., 2022). An ad hoc team, known as the COVID-19 Task Force, was formed, with each regional head assigned specific responsibilities mandated in Presidential Decree Number 7 of 2020 concerning the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force. This team implemented strategic policies, allowing each region the flexibility to tailor their approach based on the overarching direction provided by central government policy.

Each regional government must tailor their approach to policy integration in handling a pandemic emergency to align with the unique values and characteristics of their respective region (B. Wang, 2021). In Indonesia, the practice of social solidarity serves a way to protect each other and strengthen mitigation programs for families during the COVID-19 pandemic (Harini et al., 2022). Local governments are tasked not only with adapting and fulfilling their duties but also with cultivating organizational resilience characterized by ‘immune’ or ‘strong’ characters in crisis management (Duchek, 2020). Furthermore, relationships between communities, universities, NGOs and the commercial sector support the community in dealing with the pandemic to the best of each actor’s capacity (J. J. McIntyre-Mills et al., 2023; Wirawan et al., 2023).

Seen from a more local scale, management policies were also carried out by each district/city government, including in Bandung City. The policy for handling the COVID-19 pandemic was not only carried out by the Bandung City Government but was also delegated to other actors as collaboration and integration forms in handling the COVID-19 pandemic as mandated in the Decree of Mayor Bandung City Number 443 of 2020 concerning the Task Force for the Rapid Response to COVID-19 in Bandung City (Miftah et al., 2023a).

In response to this unprecedented challenge, the government is developing integrated policies involving various actors to build resilience and readiness for recovery (Miftah et al., 2023b). Within the context of policy integration, mapping out the involved actors and the involved actors is essentials to facilitate planning for integration and collaboration (Tosun & Lang, 2017). Analyzing the interactions between actors and their interorganizational networks at different levels of analysis in a global pandemic can provide a holistic picture of how such networks evolve over time (Federo & Bustamante, 2022). Additionally, mapping is also quite helpful in clarifying the authority of each policy actor and the interaction pattern carried out. Moreover, it is also another effort to develop responsive crisis management by involving the role of actors at the local level (Djalante et al., 2020). Undoubtedly, the private sector plays a pivotal role. Previous study by Miftah et al. (2023b) highlighted that the private and health sectors were the main drivers of economic recovery, with other sectors also contributing to the effort.

Policy integration refers to a policy process examining cross-sectoral issues managed by various fields and enacted by policy actors in a governance system that combines policy objectives and instruments to comprehensively and cohesively address cross-sectoral problems (Biesbroek & Candel, 2020; Candel, 2019; Candel & Biesbroek, 2016; Capano et al., 2015; Head, 2019; Lo, 2018; Mickwitz & Kivimaa, 2007; Peters, 2014; Tosun & Lang, 2017; Trein et al., 2021; Waldt, 2017). The literature studies indicate that the term policy integration has been widely used in environmental and energy policy issues discussing regulatory instruments and interactions between actors (Candel & Biesbroek, 2016; Meijers & Stead, 2004; Tosun & Lang, 2017). In addition, policy integration extends beyond fostering cooperation aspect among policy actors, but it also addresses issues related to response accuracy. As a process, policy integration can be adopted in every policy cycle. Therefore, apart from explaining the dimensions of the policy frame, subsystem involvement, policy goal and policy instruments (Biesbroek & Candel, 2020; Candel, 2019; Candel & Biesbroek, 2016), it will also explore policy instruments and strategy (Mickwitz & Kivimaa, 2007).

Policy integration is required to regulate policies involving the economy, health, social and education sectors in handling the COVID-19 pandemic (Maggetti & Trein, 2022). Although it cannot be denied that there are challenges in coordinating and integrating various policies from various fields (Saguin & Howlett, 2022), there is a need to examine a different scope to reorient the perspective of existing policies, which aim at providing a better perspective by the practitioners or policy actors that will be integrated into policies (Trein et al., 2021). An analysis of each decision-making actor’s capacity is necessary due to the pandemic’s extensive effects (Nanda et al., 2023).

Based on the aforementioned explanation, a research question is constructed: How is the centrality of the actors involved in the network structure for handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City? Thus, this study aims to map the actors’ centrality involved in the network structure for handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City. This is to facilitate planning and collaboration in the context of policy integration. Additionally, mapping helps clarify the authority of each policy actor, the coordination efforts undertaken and the formation of interaction patterns. This study might provide new insights into the interconnections and interactions between actors in the local system and how they affect the government’s response to the pandemic.

Materials and method

Data collection sources and techniques

The primary data for this study were obtained from direct interviews with parties deemed relevant to the required data. With current technological advances, interviews were also conducted via teleconference. Additionally, secondary data were obtained from a literature study on several supporting documents that can help map actors’ centrality in handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City. Data related to the actors involved in the COVID-19 Task Force in Bandung City were obtained through the appropriate data in the Decree of the Mayor of Bandung City No. 440 of 2020 concerning the Establishment of a Policy Committee, the COVID-19 Task Force, and Economic Recovery Task Force in Bandung City. For central data regarding the actors involved in the circle of actors handling COVID-19 in Bandung City, data were obtained from interviews with several key informants, such as the Head of Data and Information of the Communication and Information Office (Diskominfo, Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika). Then, with the Head of Diskominfo of Bandung City, the Head of Research and Development of City Planning, Research and Development Office (Bappelitbang, Badan Perencanaan, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan), and employees with functional positions as researchers at Bappelitbang. More information from several Zoom meetings related to data synchronization with the Diskominfo of West Java Province and the Health Agency of Bandung City was successfully used to identify coordination between actors in handling the pandemic in Bandung City. The following are the interview guidelines:

1. What is your role in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City?

2. Who are the key actors involved in policies and actions related to COVID-19 in Bandung and in contact with you?

3. What is the relationship between these actors when making decisions and implementing policies?

4. Are there differences in social networks based on their sector in response to COVID-19?

5. How do collaboration and communication between policy actors influence the effectiveness of the COVID-19 response in Bandung City?

This study employs social network analysis (SNA) (Borgatti et al., 2013) and Socio-Technogram Networks (Latour, 2005; Law & Callon, 1998) to describe the relationship network between actors in organizations involved in handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City.

Social network analysis (SNA)

SNA is a method developed in social sciences fields, such as sociology and communication sciences, focusing on patterns of relationships between people and groups such as organizations and governments (Vaughan, 2005; Kusuma et al., 2021). Studies using the SNA method have been widely employed to describe social networks in organizational or community networks (Borgatti et al., 2013).

This method operates by examining the structure of social networks formed between actors in a social environment that are interconnected, either directly or indirectly (Kapucu et al., 2017). Edges of the directed type have an arrow symbol at the end and represent an asymmetric relationship, whereas edges of the undirected type have regular lines and depict a symmetric relationship (Borgatti et al., 2013). Moreover, this analysis is developed based on assumptions about the importance of the relationship between actors or nodes through network links (edges) (Borgatti et al., 2013). Subsequently, the number of edges connected to a particular actor node is called the degree (Scott, 2012).

Centrality within a network reflects the significance of different actors to the network structure (Frank, 2002). It denotes how crucial a node is in the network and can be identified in three ways: the number of relationships with other nodes (degree), how quickly a node can reach all other nodes in the network (closeness), and how frequently a node is on the shortest path between two other nodes (betweenness) (Kolli & Khajeheian, 2020). Centrality in interaction graphs can be measured in a simple way through the degree of the node, which is how many connections the node has (Merrer & Trédan, 2009). The method relies on the strength of the relationship between the actors and the accuracy of the reputation of the established social relations information, which increases the reputation of the information provided (J. Y. Lee & Oh, 2015). This method relies on the use of depiction/visualization tools to portray the relationship(s) between actors. Centrality calculations in this study utilize degree centrality and closeness. The formula used for calculation is as follows.

1. Degree Centrality $$\complement \begin{array}{c}\mathrm{ }\\ \mathrm{D}\end{array}\left(\mathit{\text{ni}}\right)=\mathrm{d}\left(\mathit{\text{ni}}\right)$$ Description:d(ni) is the number of interactions or relationships that one node has with other nodes in the same network.

2. Closeness Centrality $$\complement \begin{array}{c}\mathrm{ }\\ \mathrm{C}\end{array}\left(\mathit{\text{ni}}\right)=[N-1/\sum \mathrm{d}(\mathit{\text{ni}},\mathit{\text{nj}}\left)\right]$$ Description:N = the total number of nodes in a network.d(ni, nj) = the number of shortest paths connecting nodes ni and nj.

This study seeks to describe the actor centrality in the network structure for handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City, which processed the centrality value and modularity class calculations automatically to generate maps using network mapping software, namely Gephi version 0.101. Gephi is an open-source software for network research and visualization developed by academics at the University of Technology of Compiègne in Compiègne, France. The modularity class that the Gephi program established after analyzing the data determines which clusters appear in the SNA visualization map. In employing this method, there are several approaches to visualize the occurring relationships between actors. It is not merely useful for visualizing relationships but also to determine the central figure or node and the most influential ones in the relationship to be visualized. In this research context, the focus is on visualizing the actors’ centrality in the network structure for handling COVID-19 in Bandung City (Setatama & Tricahyono, 2017).

This approach was carried out by calculating several centrality values that had a strong influence on how visualization can be formed. Centrality is a characteristic of a prominent, influential, or powerful node position in the network (Borgatti et al., 2013). In addition to centrality calculation, other factors influence data presentation, one of which is choosing a layout algorithm for the data presentation. There are several common layout options that can be used to present policy actor data using Gephi software (Khokhar, 2015). The choice of layout depends on how the data retrieval and its appearance characteristics. The amount and method of data presentation are done in an informative manner to select the layout algorithms.

First, the Force Atlas layout algorithm is a spatial layout algorithm used for real-world networks, including web networks, which are small and scale-free world networks. This type of algorithm is force-directed. For better network mapping, the Force Atlas algorithm is optimized for small networks with a focus on quality over speed. Second, the Fruchterman Reingold layout algorithm, also belonging to the force-directed algorithms class in Gephi. It is favored for its ability to present data presentation in a clear and informative manner, contributing to neat and visually appealing network representations.

In this study, nodes in the visualization are labeled with certain codes, and can be found in the Appendices section. The use of codes for enhances the navigability and comprehensibility of the visualizations in Gephi. By assigning codes to nodes and providing corresponding explanations, it becomes straightforward to identify each node without the need for lengthy descriptions. Several previous scholars who also implemented this method, including Koromila et al. (2022), Chen et al. (2022) and Ekasari et al. (2020), have used Gephi to conduct SNA. Koromila et al. (2022) assigned numbers that run from 1 to 45 based on the number of existing nodes. Meanwhile, Chen et al. (2022) used the phrase ‘commodity code’ to refer to the code assigned to nodes, which consists of 10-digit numbers. Then, Ekasari et al. (2020) employed the ‘#’ symbol, followed by a series of numbers from 1 to 27. All three scholars additionally included a table with an explanation for each code used.

Socio-technogram network

Michel Callon, Bruno Latour and John Law introduced the term actor-network in the 1980s, whereby all the entities involved were considered as ‘actors’ (Latour, 2005; Law & Callon, 1998). This concept focuses on the process of network creation, the actors listed in the network, the parts that make up the network and the development of the network (Gosselin & Journeault, 2022). There are several aspects to this concept. First, networks include both human actors and non-human actors, assuming they have equal weight in social analysis (Henttu-Aho et al., 2023; Shmargad, 2017). Second, connections can be interpreted as how at least two entities influence each other directly or through the intermediary of another entity (Kolli & Khajeheian, 2020; Vicsek et al., 2016). Third, human and non-human actors are part of and have interests that mutually shape and influence each other in the network (Vicsek et al., 2016).

Within the socio-technographic network, factors and interactions between actors have fluctuating relationships among people, objects, ideas and processes (Latour, 2005). The connection lines between the research actors were arranged based on how COVID-19 was handled in Bandung City. In selecting actors, the researchers have the authority to include or exclude certain actors in the network according to the interests attached to each actor. The function of the socio-technogram network in this study is to observe the non-human factors strengthening the centrality of human actors produced by the previous SNA analysis. The socio-technographic network in this study was created using existing research data and policies related to responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City. These sources contain data on both human and non-human actors. The authors utilized Microsoft Visio to map out the actors. The findings of this mapping may identify and show the relationships between actors in handling the pandemic.

Results and discussion

Based on the obtained data, the actors involved in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City were mapped into two main maps. First, a circle map of actors involved in coordination flows within the COVID-19 Task Force based on the official structure in accordance with the Decree of the Mayor of Bandung City Number: 443/Kep.239-Dinkes/2020 concerning COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force in Bandung City as the initial product of the formation of a COVID-19 handling unit.

Second, a circle map of actors involved under the Decree of the Mayor of Bandung City No. 440 of 2020 concerning the Establishment of a Policy Committee, COVID-19 Task Force and Economic Recovery Task Force in Bandung City that replaced the previous mayor’s decree regarding the COVID-19 Task Force. This regulation is a result of the issuance of Presidential Regulation Number 82 of 2020 concerning the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee (KPC-PEN, Komite Penanganan COVID-19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional) which changed the structure and function of COVID-19 Handling.

The replacement of the COVID-19 Task Force\at the regional level is a consequence of the enactment of related regulations at the national level. It is imperative to separate the handling of the economic impact of COVID-19 handled by the COVID-19 Task Force from handling COVID-19 in general. Through data processing activities on SNA using Gephi, the results of network visualization of actors involved in accordance with each Mayor’s Decree were obtained. Based on these regulations and interviews, there are 366 policy actors, with several informants coming from the same agency, or 366 nodes in the visualization, which are connected to one another both directly and indirectly, resulting in 8811 edges. In the visualization, only a few nodes that have labels based on filters based on degree range. Following is a visualization of the actor network involved in the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force in Bandung City.

As per Presidential Regulation Number 82 of 2020 concerning the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee, a new institution within the COVID-19 Task Force handling unit in Bandung City has changed to the Task Force for COVID-19 handling in Bandung. This change occurred due to the separation of handling COVID-19 in general compared to handling the impact of COVID-19 on the economic sector and its recovery. For visualization, the second map of policy actors involved in the Task Force for COVID-19 Handling in Bandung City is presented below:

The visualization result illustrates the actors involved in the organizational structure for handling COVID-19 at the Bandung City level and their role in coordinating with each other to produce a complex network of actors in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic problem in Bandung City. Initially, the organization for handling COVID-19 in Bandung City was originally a Task Force for the Acceleration of handling COVID-19, which in its development turned into a COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force with the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 82 of 2020 concerning the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee, accompanied by the issuance of Decree of the Mayor of Bandung No. 440 of 2020 concerning the Establishment of a Policy Committee, COVID-19 Task Force and the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee in Bandung City. The two visualization results, each representing the organizational structures for handling COVID-19 in Bandung City, were obtained using the degree criteria for each actor involved. These variations were presented using the Fruchterman-Reingold layout through the Gephi data presentation software. In total, there are 292 policy actors or 292 nodes who are linked to each other both directly and indirectly, creating 4619 edges in the above visualization. Particularly, the network map uses closeness centrality.

The aforementioned data revealed that there were seven main actors who played a major role in the network between actors within the organizational structure of the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force in Bandung City. Among them, the most dominant group of actors was the operational section headed by the Head of Health Agency (Kadinkes/Kepala Dinas Kesehatan) of Bandung City, since the networks of actors seen as the largest due to its four sub-sections as the front line in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City. This dominance can be attributed to the fact that its four sub-sections are part of the front line in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City.

Broadly speaking, the mapping of these two actors looks similar; however, the visualization results shown in the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force were quite different. Kadinkes of Bandung City was the actor that had the most influence from the other actors involved because of the wider network of functions in the subdivisions that must be coordinated. In addition, Kadinkes directly supervised several sub-sectors with considerable significance. The number of actors under their supervision was greater, which can be seen from the size of the policy actor that appears.

Among the total number of existing nodes, 20 are related to the health industry, with 8 of them being posts in the Bandung City Health Agency. The Head of the Bandung City Health Service, as the most influential node, has 222 vertical and horizontal edges with other nodes. These edges are multi-sectoral in character, connecting diverse nodes, such as the military, police and services in charge of certain domains relating to COVID-19. Aside from that, relationships are formed with various commercial sectors, non-governmental groups and communities (Roosmini et al., 2022). On the other hand, the second visualization includes 21 nodes that are directly tied to the health industry. Apart from that, 11 of the nodes are part of the Bandung City Health Service. The difference in coordination between this task force and the previous one is that it includes members of the Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI/Ikatan Dokter Indonesia), which is one of the health professional associations with undirected relationships with parts of the Health Service and military.

With the establishment of the new organizational structure, there were several separations and simplifications of authority in the structure for the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force in Bandung City. Implicitly, this can make the existing coordination network more effective, as the new structure showed a simpler and clearer flow of coordination.

In addition to the organizational structure of the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force in Bandung, the researchers sought to map the real actors’ circles involved in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City. This aims to see how the coordination circle occurred outside of the Task Force activities as previously mapped. Data regarding these actor circles were obtained through a series of interviews with actors involved in handling COVID-19. The visualization of the actor circle results is presented below.

The visualization result above depicts that the involved actors are related to each other through coordination bonds as a form of their role in coordination. This visualization utilized a Force Atlas type layout with degree centrality ranking criteria. The processing results revealed that the Health Agency of Bandung City emerged A the most influential actor in the entire actors’ circle involved. This condition is a consequence of the many coordination networks that have been carried out as the vanguard in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City.

In addition to the collaboration carried out by elements of government and law enforcement, there were also contributions from third parties sectors, especially in the field of economic recovery. This contribution was also mapped and carried out based on the structure of the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee as stated in the Decree of the Mayor of Bandung City Number 440 of 2020 concerning the Establishment of a Policy Committee, COVID-19 Task Force and COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee in Bandung City. It focused on visualizing the collaboration between actors of government elements and third parties/private sector. Following is the policy actor-formed visualization by Gephi.

The above visualization results of the Force Atlas layout with the degree ranking criteria showed that a network had emerged in the coordination structure of the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee actors in Bandung City. In the mapped structure, there was collaboration between local government elements and private elements. It appeared that the Assistant of the Regional Secretariat for Economic Affairs and Development was the actor who had the highest influence in the Bandung City economic recovery policy actor who collaborated with the private sector.

Each party was observed to have networked according to the coordination circle based on each related working group. In each group, government and private elements influenced each other, which was evidenced by the Food Security and Logistics Distribution Working Group coordinated by the Head of City Food and Agriculture Service of Bandung City, with the vice coordinator position held by the Sub-Division Regional Head of State Logistics Agency of Bandung City from the private sector. These two actors coordinated the work groups consisting of government and private parties such as the Head of Distribution and E-Commerce of the Commerce and Industry Office of Bandung City, Food Security Council of Bandung City, the President Director of Dignified Market Regional Company in Bandung (Perusahaan Daerah Pasar Bermartabat Kota Bandung), the Head of HISWANA MIGAS (Oil and Gas Entrepreneurs Association) of Bandung City, Bandung City Urban Farming Forum and academic elements, such as the Head of the Agribusiness Study Program of Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung.

These collaborations aimed at formulating technology-based best policy materials and fostering collaboration in economic recovery with a scheme to strengthen food security and streamline the distribution of community food logistics, and to drive the development of strengthening food security and logistics, with a focus on leveraging local potential. Through this collaborative effort, it was expected that the output of this working group would capture the aspirations of the parties directly affected by economic recovery in the field of food security and logistics distribution.

After visualizing using the SNA tools above, the researchers identified the factors leading to actor centrality. In socio-technogram network theory, all human and non-human elements played a role in maintaining network integrity. All human groups tasked with handling COVID-19 in Bandung City had accompanying non-human artifacts that played a role in determining the role of humans as policymakers in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City. The following is the socio-technographic network for handling COVID-19 in Bandung City:

As depicted in Figure 5, it was increasingly evident that the Health Agency was the most central actor compared to all the actors involved, as shown in the SNA results that have been carried out previously. In the socio-technogram network, it was illustrated that the factors causing the centrality of the health sector occurred because non-human actors that were vital in handling COVID-19 were mostly handled and acted upon by the Health Agency itself. These non-human factors include the regulation of medicines, vaccines, COVID-19 test kits, self-quarantine, health facilities, pandemic status and social restrictions.

Based on the aforementioned mapping results, it was illustrated that the actors involved in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City interacted and networked closely in carrying out their respective roles. The actors who had the major role would naturally become the central actor in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City. The policy actor and the actor circle showed similar central actors, namely actors in the health sector, namely the Head of Health Agency and the Health Agency of Bandung City, who played a significant role in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City. Even though they were not actors in inter-sectoral coordination, the authority and influence of these actors made them have the highest level of centrality when compared to other actors in the circle or structure of COVID-19 handling in Bandung City.

Conclusions

The findings from the SNA using Gephi software showed that policy actors in the health sector had the highest centrality in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City, both in terms of the organizational structure of the COVID-19 Task Force and the circle of actors handling COVID-19. The main actors in the health sector included the Head of Health Agency of Bandung City, who was seen to play a central role in the structure of the COVID-19 Task Force in Bandung City based on the analysis of closeness centrality. This indicates that despite various fields in the policy for handling COVID-19, the health sector still held high centrality. Additionally, within the actors’ circle handling COVID-19 in Bandung City, the Health Agency, based on degree centrality analysis, still played a central role in handling the pandemic. This is linked to the crucial need for handling a pandemic and is closely related to the success of controlling the spread and handling of the disease. Meanwhile, from the analysis of the Socio-technogram Network, the centrality of the Health Agency occurred because most important non-human factors were managed by the Health Agency. Therefore, as seen from the SNA mapping, the success in handling the pandemic in Bandung City depends on the success of health sector policies.

However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. First, the inability to benchmark the patterns and structures of COVID-19 management in other regions restricts the ability to make comprehensive comparisons. Additionally, reliance on secondary data sources, such as the structure of the COVID-19 Task Force in Bandung City, may introduce biases or overlook certain aspects of the situation. Future research endeavors should aim to address these limitations by exploring data collection from diverse sources, including social media platforms beyond Twitter and YouTube. Furthermore, there is a need for further exploration of SNA models to enhance the depth and breadth of similar studies in the future.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran; along with all researchers from Quadran Energi Rekayasa, Management and Policy Studies Research Group; and the Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency for their valuable contribution to this study.

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Data availability statement

Non applicable.

Additional information

Funding

The APC was funded by Universitas Padjadjaran. This study is part of the Academic Leadership Grant (ALG)-Universitas Padjadjaran 2023–2026 chaired by Prof. Ida Widianingsih, S.IP., MA., PhD.

Notes on contributors

Ahmad Zaini Miftah

Ahmad Zaini Miftah SCOPUS ID: 6504016449.

Ahmad Zaini Miftah is affiliated with the Public Administration Department of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad). He is also a researcher at the Center for Decentralization and Participatory Development Research (CDPD), Unpad, and the Quadran Energi Rekayasa, AP Research Group in Bandung, Indonesia. His research interests include policy integration, development studies, health policy and data visualization.

Ida Widianingsih

Ida Widianingsih SCOPUS ID: 15924634700

Ida Widianingsih is a professor of international development administration at the Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad), Indonesia and holds a PhD from Flinders Institute of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia.

She is a senior researcher and executive director of the Center for Decentralization and Participatory Development Research (CDPD) at Unpad. She is also a contract-based consultant and trainer for various institutions, including the World Bank, ADB, AusAID, CIDES, CIRDAP Bangladesh, CSSTC NAM Center and the UNSSC, Turin, Italy. Her research interests relate to public administration and development issues, inclusive development policy and participatory governance.

Entang Adhy Muhtar

Entang Adhy Muhtar SCOPUS ID: 57201469469

Entang Adhy Muhtar is a Professor in Development Administration at the Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University (Unpad), Indonesia. He is also a senior lecturer and researcher at the same faculty and holds a doctoral degree from the same department. His main research interest is the Village Development Administration.

Ridwan Sutriadi

Ridwan Sutriadi SCOPUS ID: 57193734442

Ridwan Sutriadi is an urban planner and professor of sustainable smart city at the School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), and holds a PhD from the University of Florida, USA. His main research interests include urban planning, land use, communicative city, smart city and urban governance.

Appendices

Figure 1. First map of policy actor visualization results of Task Force for COVID-19 handling in Bandung City.

Figure 2. Second map of policy actor visualization results of Task Force for COVID-19 handling in Bandung City.

Figure 3. Actor circle of COVID-19 handling in Bandung City.

Figure 4. Visualization results of the policy actor of the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee in Bandung City.

Figure 5. Socio-technogram network diagram in handling COVID-19 in Bandung City.

Appendix 1. First map of policy actor visualization results of Task Force for COVID-19 handling in Bandung City (Figure 1).

No	Policy actor/node	Code
1	Mayor of Bandung City	GT01
2	Commander of Military District Command 0618/BS	GT02
3	Chief of Bandung City Resort Police	GT03
4	Commander of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT04
5	Vice Mayor of Bandung City	GT05
6	Bandung City Chief District Prosecutor	GT06
7	Regional Secretary of Bandung City	GT07
8	Assistant for General Administration and Personnel at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT08
9	Assistant for Economics and Development at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT09
10	Assistant for Government and Community Welfare at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT10
11	Head of Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT11
12	Secretary of Bandung City Inspectorate	GT12
13	Assistant Inspector 1 at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT13
14	Assistant Inspector 2 at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT14
15	Assistant Inspector 3 at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT15
16	Assistant Inspector 4 at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT16
17	Certain Functional Officer Auditor at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT17
18	Local Government Affairs Supervisory Officer at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT18
19	Personnel Auditor at Bandung City Inspectorate	GT19
20	Head of Civil Law and State Administration Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	GT20
21	Element of West Java Representative Financial and Development Supervision Agency	GT21
22	Head of Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	GT22
23	Head of Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	GT23
24	Secretary of Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT24
25	Secretary of Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	GT25
26	Secretary of Bandung City Health Agency	GT26
27	Head of Organization and Regional Apparatus Empowerment Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT27
28	Head of Design and Development Program Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT28
29	Head of Data and Information Program Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	GT29
30	Head of Development Subdivision at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	GT30
31	Head of Data and Information Program Subdivision at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT31
32	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 1	GT32
33	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 2	GT33
34	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 3	GT34
35	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 4	GT35
36	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 5	GT36
37	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 6	GT37
38	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 7	GT38
39	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 8	GT39
40	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 9	GT40
41	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team member 10	GT41
42	Head of Support and Operations Division at State Intelligence Agency of West Java Province Region	GT42
43	Head of Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT43
44	Head of Intelligence and Security Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT44
45	Head of Operations Control Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT45
46	Deputy Head of Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police	GT46
47	Head of Ada of Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT47
48	Intel Section Commissioned Officer at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT48
49	Agent of State Intelligence Agency of West Java Province Region	GT49
50	Head of Operations Development Affairs in Intelligence and Security Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT50
51	Head of Unit 4 Intelligence and Security Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT51
52	Head of Operations Development Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT52
53	Head of Operations Control Subdivision Affairs in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT53
54	Head of Operations Development Subdivision Affairs in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT54
55	Commissioned Officer of Operations Development Subdivision Affairs in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT55
56	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT56
57	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT57
58	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT58
59	Associate Agent of State Intelligence Agency of West Java Province Region	GT59
60	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police	GT60
61	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT61
62	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT62
63	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT63
64	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 4	GT64
65	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police Officer 5	GT65
66	Element of the Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT66
67	Element of Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	GT67
68	Head of Bandung City Communication and Information Agency	GT68
69	Head of Public Relations Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT69
70	Secretary of Bandung City Communication and Information Agency	GT70
71	Head of Fire Prevention Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Department	GT71
72	Head of Dissemination Division at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	GT72
73	Head of Application Development Section at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	GT73
74	Head of Information Disclosure Section at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	GT74
75	Head of General Affairs and Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	GT75
76	Head of Executive Administration and Expert Staff Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT76
77	Head of Protocol Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT77
78	Head of Executive Household Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT78
79	Head of Personnel Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT79
80	Head of Subdivision at Bandung City Dental and Oral Health Hospital	GT80
81	Head of Community Participation Development Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT81
82	Head of Public Relations Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT82
83	Secretariat Commissioned Officer at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT83
84	Acting Head of Public Relations Subdivision Affairs in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT84
85	Law Commissioned Officer of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husen Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT85
86	Public Relations Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT86
87	Non-commissioned Officer of Public Relations Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT87
88	Non-commissioned Officer of Public Relations Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT88
89	Non-commissioned Officer of Public Relations Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT89
90	Element of the Public Relations Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT90
91	Element of Bandung City Health Agency	GT91
92	Element of Bandung City Dental and Oral Health Hospital	GT92
93	Element of Media	GT93
94	Head of Bandung City Health Agency	GT94
95	Deputy Chief of Bandung City Resort Police	GT95
96	Deputy Head of Bandung Military Police Detachment	GT96
97	Head of Bandung City Education Agency	GT97
98	Head of Bandung City Manpower Agency	GT98
99	Head of Bandung City Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment Agency	GT99
100	Head of Bandung City Population and Civil Registration Agency	GT100
101	Head of Bandung City Population Control and Family Planning Agency	GT101
102	Head of Bandung City Culture and Tourism Agency	GT102
103	Head of Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	GT103
104	Head of Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	GT104
105	Head of Bandung City Personnel, Education and Training Agency	GT105
106	Head of Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT106
107	Head of the Community Welfare Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT107
108	Head of Partnerships Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT108
109	Sub-district heads throughout Bandung City	GT109
110	Head of Disease Prevention and Control Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT110
111	Head of Youth Development Division at Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	GT111
112	Head of Community and Apparatus Development Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	GT112
113	Head of C Licensing and Non-Licensing Services Division at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	GT113
114	Head of Environmental Pollution Rehabilitation and Prevention Division at Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	GT114
115	Head of Intelligence Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	GT115
116	Head of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT116
117	Head of D2 Licensing and Non-Licensing Services Section at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	GT117
118	Head of Investment Planning Section at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	GT118
119	Chiefs of Urban Villages throughout Bandung City	GT119
120	Head of Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT120
121	Deputy Head of Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT121
122	Head of Security and Defense Section of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT122
123	Commander of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT123
124	Sub Commander of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT124
125	Commissioned Officer Staff Agency of Operations Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT125
126	Head of Cooperative Affairs and Training at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT126
127	Head of Operations Development Affairs in Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT127
128	Commissioned Officer of Internal Administration Section Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT128
129	Acting Head of Vital Objects Security Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT129
130	Commander of Unit 3 in Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT130
131	Commissioned Officer of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT131
132	Commissioned Officer of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT132
133	Acting Head of Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT133
134	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT134
135	Non-commissioned Officer 2 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT135
136	Non-commissioned Officer 3 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT136
137	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT137
138	Non-commissioned Officer 2 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT138
139	Non-commissioned Officer 3 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT139
140	Non-commissioned Officer 4 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT140
141	Non-commissioned Officer 5 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT141
142	Non-commissioned Officer 4 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT142
143	Non-commissioned Officer of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT143
144	Acting Head of Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT144
145	Non-commissioned Officer 5 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT145
146	Non-commissioned Officer 6 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT146
147	Non-commissioned Officer 7 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT147
148	Non-commissioned Officer 6 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT148
149	Non-commissioned Officer 8 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT149
150	Non-commissioned Officer 9 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT150
151	Non-commissioned Officer 10 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT151
152	Non-commissioned Officer 11 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT152
153	Non-commissioned Officer 12 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT153
154	Enlisted Officer 1 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT154
155	Head of Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara at Bandung City Resort Police	GT155
156	Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT156
157	Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT157
158	Crowd Control Unit in Samapta Bhayangkara at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT158
159	Non-commissioned Officer 13 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT159
160	Non-commissioned Officer 14 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT160
161	Non-commissioned Officer 15 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT161
162	Non-commissioned Officer 16 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT162
163	Enlisted Officer 2 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT163
164	Enlisted Officer 3 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT164
165	Enlisted Officer 4 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT165
166	Enlisted Officer 5 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT166
167	Enlisted Officer 6 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT167
168	Enlisted Officer 7 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT168
169	Enlisted Officer 8 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT169
170	Enlisted Officer 9 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT170
171	Enlisted Officer 10 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT171
172	Enlisted Officer 11 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT172
173	Enlisted Officer 12 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT173
174	Enlisted Officer 1 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT174
175	Enlisted Officer 13 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT175
176	Enlisted Officer 14 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT176
177	Enlisted Officer 15 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT177
178	Enlisted Officer 16 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT178
179	Enlisted Officer 2 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT179
180	Head of Bandung City Family Welfare Empowerment Drive Team	GT180
181	Chairman of Bandung City Indonesian Ulema Council	GT181
182	Chairman of Bandung City Religious Harmony Forum	GT182
183	Chairman of Bandung City National Committee of Indonesian Youth	GT183
184	Chairman of Bandung City Hamlet Forum	GT184
185	Chairman of Bandung City Community Empowerment Agency	GT185
186	Head of Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT186
187	Secretary of Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT187
188	Head of Regional Law Product Enforcement Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	GT188
189	Head of Preparedness, Extinguishing and Rescue Operations Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT189
190	Head of Health Services Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT190
191	Head of Public Health Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT191
192	Head of Disaster Emergency Response Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT192
193	Head of Bandung City Regional General Hospital	GT193
194	Head of Bandung City Women and Children Hospital	GT194
195	Head of Bandung City Dental and Oral Hospital	GT195
196	Heads of Community Health Centers throughout Bandung City	GT196
197	Head of Program and Finance Subdivision at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT197
198	Head of General, Personnel, Data, and Information Subdivision at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT198
199	Head of Special Crime Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	GT199
200	Head of Technical Implementation Unit of Cemetery Management Region I (TPU Pandu, Sirnaraga and Cibarunai) at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT200
201	Head of Technical Implementation Unit of Cemetery Management Region II (TPU Ciburuy, Gumuruh, Rancacili, Maleer) at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT201
202	Head of Technical Implementation Unit of Cemetery Management Region III (TPU Cikutra, Cikadut and Nagrog) at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT202
203	Head of Technical Implementation Unit of Cemetery Management Region IV (TPU Babakan Ciparay, Astanaanyar, and Legok Ciseureuh) at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT203
204	Head of Bandung City Technical Implementation Unit of Integrated Safety Service Center	GT204
205	Head of Bandung City Technical Implementation Unit of Health Laboratory	GT205
206	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region I at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT206
207	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region II at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT207
208	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region III at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT208
209	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region IV at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT209
210	Head of Regional Development Subdivision in Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT210
211	Data and Information Compiler at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	GT211
212	Element of Bandung City Social Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Agency	GT212
213	Head of Health Affairs in Resources Division of Bandung City Resort Police	GT213
214	Commissioned Officer Staff of Territorial Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT214
215	Head of Personnel Administration Affairs at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT215
216	Head of Husein Sastranegara Air Force Development Potential Section at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT216
217	Commissioned Officer of Guarding Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT217
218	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT218
219	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT219
220	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT220
221	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 4	GT221
222	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 5	GT222
223	Element of Bandung City Indonesian Red Cross	GT223
224	Element of Bandung City National and Politics Unity Agency	GT224
225	Head of Bandung City Social Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Agency	GT225
226	Head of Bandung City Food Security and Agriculture Agency	GT226
227	Secretary of Bandung City Transportation Agency	GT227
228	Head of Disaster Management Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT228
229	Head of Health Services Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT229
230	Head of Community Protection Division at Bandung Civil Service Police Unit	GT230
231	Head of Social Protection and Empowerment Division at Bandung City Social and Poverty Alleviation Agency	GT231
232	Head of Social Protection Section for Disaster Victims at the Bandung City Social and Poverty Alleviation Agency	GT232
233	Head of Disaster Cooperation Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT233
234	Head of Referral Section at Bandung City Health Agency	GT234
235	Head of Primary and Traditional Health Services Section at Bandung City Health Agency	GT235
236	Head of Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT236
237	Head of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police	GT237
238	Head of Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT238
239	Deputy Head of Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT239
240	Deputy Head of Traffic Unit of Bandung City Resort Police	GT240
241	Head of the Legal Subdivision in Resources Division of Bandung City Resort Police	GT241
242	Commissioned Officer 1 of Investigation and Physical Security Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT242
243	Field Non-commissioned 2 Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT243
244	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Prisoners Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT244
245	Field Non-commissioned 3 Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT245
246	Field Non-commissioned 4 Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT246
247	Field Non-commissioned 5 Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT247
248	Field Non-commissioned 6 Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT248
249	Field Non-commissioned Officer Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT249
250	Head of Arrangement, Guard, Escort, and Patrol Unit in Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT250
251	Head of Registration and Identification Unit in Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT251
252	Head of Traffic Accident Unit in Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT252
253	Head of Operations Development Affairs in Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT253
254	Head of Self-Initiative Security Development Unit in Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT254
255	Head of Sub Section Bin BTB of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT255
256	Chief of Operations Affairs at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT256
257	Acting Head of Community Police Development Unit in Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT257
258	Acting Head of Community Order Development Unit in Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT258
259	Head of Legal Subdivision Affairs 2 at Bandung City Resort Police	GT259
260	Head of Education and Engineering Unit in Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT260
261	Commissioned Officer of Intel Operations Unit Affairs at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT261
262	Head of Administration Affairs in Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT262
263	Head of Legal Subdivision Affairs 1 at Bandung City Resort Police	GT263
264	Acting Commissioned Officer of Legal Subdivision Affairs at Bandung City Resort Police	GT264
265	Community Development Unit of Bandung City Resort Police	GT265
266	Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT266
267	Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT267
268	Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT268
269	Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 4	GT269
270	Heads of Community Health Centers throughout Bandung City	GT270
271	Head of Bandung City Family Welfare Empowerment Drive Team	GT271
272	Element of Bandung City Amil Zakat Agency	GT272
273	Head of Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	GT273
274	Head of Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	GT274
275	Head of Bandung City Transportation Agency	GT275
276	Head of Legal Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT276
277	Head of Transportation Control and Order Division at Bandung City Transportation Agency	GT277
278	Head of Regional Regulation Enforcement Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	GT278
279	Head of Public Peace and Order Division at Bandung Civil Service Police Unit	GT279
280	Head of Legal Aid Subdivision in Legal Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT280
281	Head of the General Crime Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	GT281
282	Head of Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT282
283	Commissioned Officer Staff of Intel Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT283
284	Commander of Military Police Unit of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT284
285	Commander of Naval Military Police Detachment at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT285
286	Commissioned Officer of Investigator Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT286
287	Case Commissioned Officer of Investigation at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT287
288	Commissioned Officer of Investigation of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT288
289	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Examining Investigator at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT289
290	Non-commissioned Officer 2 of Examining Investigator at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT290
291	Non-commissioned Officer 3 of Examining Investigator at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT291
292	Non-commissioned Officer 4 of Examining Investigator at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT292
293	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Investigation at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT293
294	Non-commissioned Officer 2 of Investigation at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT294
295	Head of Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT295
296	Head of Supervisory Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT296
297	Deputy Head of Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT297
298	Head of Operations Development Affairs in Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT298
299	Head of Investigation Unit 2 in Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT299
300	Head of Investigation Unit 3 in Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT300
301	Head of Investigation Unit 1 in Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	GT301
302	Head of Provost Unit in Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT302
303	Head of Internal Security Unit in Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT303
304	Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT304
305	Internal Security in Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	GT305
306	Supervisory Section of Bandung City Resort Police	GT306
307	Supervisory Section of Bandung City Resort Police	GT307
308	Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT308
309	Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT309
310	Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 3	GT310
311	Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 4	GT311
312	Head of Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	GT312
313	Head of Bandung City Public Works Agency	GT313
314	Head of Bandung City Housing, Settlement, Land and Landscaping Agency	GT314
315	Head of Bandung City Cooperatives, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Agency Bandung City	GT315
316	Head of General Affairs Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT316
317	Head of Trade Distribution and E-Commerce Development Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	GT317
318	Head of Business and Trade Facilities Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	GT318
319	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT319
320	Head of Sports Infrastructure Development Division at Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	GT320
321	Head of Rehabilitation of Logistics Facilities and Infrastructure Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT321
322	Chairman of Healthy Bandung Forum	GT322
323	Head of Bandung City Regional Revenue Management Agency	GT323
324	Secretary of Bandung City Housing, Settlement, Land and Landscaping Agency	GT324
325	Head of Economic Division of Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT325
326	Head of Procurement of Goods and Services Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT326
327	Head of Assets Division at Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT327
328	Head of Health Resources Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT328
329	Board of Directors of Bandung City Cleanliness Regional Company	GT329
330	Board of Directors of Bandung City Tirtawening Regional Water Company	GT330
331	Board of Directors of Bandung City Market Area Company	GT331
332	Board of Directors of Bandung City Credit Bank Regional Company	GT332
333	Commissioned Officer Staff of Personnel Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT333
334	Commander of Headquarters Unit at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT334
335	Head of Procurement and Distribution Section in Trade Distribution and E-Commerce Development Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	GT335
336	Element of Bandung City Hotel and Restaurant Entrepreneurs Association	GT336
337	Element of Bandung City Tourism Association	GT337
338	Element of Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association	GT338
339	Element of Indonesian Shopping Center Association	GT339
340	Head of Health Resources Division at Bandung City Health Agency	GT340
341	Head of Sanitation Division at Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	GT341
342	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision at Bandung City Resort Police	GT342
343	Commissioned Officer Staff of Logistics Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	GT343
344	Head of Personnel Section at Bandung Naval Base Command	GT344
345	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision Affairs 1 at Bandung City Resort Police	GT345
346	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision Affairs 3 at Bandung City Resort Police	GT346
347	Health Support of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	GT347
348	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision Affairs 2 at Bandung City Resort Police	GT348
349	Brigadier of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 1	GT349
350	Brigadier of Facilities and Infrastructure Subdivision at Bandung City Resort Police Officer 2	GT350
351	Head of Pharmacy and Medical Devices Section at Bandung City Health Agency	GT351
352	Head of General Affairs and Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	GT352
353	Element of Indonesian Medical Association	GT353
354	Element of Bandung City Health Agency	GT354
355	Element of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	GT355
356	Heads of Public Health Center throughout Bandung City	GT356
357	Head of Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT357
358	Head of Executive Administration Section at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT358
359	Head of Accounting Division at Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT359
360	Head of Operation Plan Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT360
361	Element of General Affairs Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	GT361
362	Secretary of Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT362
363	Head of Budget Division at Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT363
364	Head of Treasury Division at Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	GT364
365	Head of Finance Subdivision at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	GT365
366	Head of Finance Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	GT366

Appendix 2. Second map of policy actor visualization results of Task Force for COVID-19 handling in Bandung City (Figure 2).

No	Policy actors/node	Code
1	Mayor of Bandung City	ST01
2	Commander of Military District Command 0618/BS	ST02
3	Chief of Bandung City Resort Police	ST03
4	Commander of Husein Sastranegara Air Base	ST04
5	Commander of Bandung Naval Base	ST05
6	Commander of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST06
7	Bandung City Chief District Prosecutor	ST07
8	Bandung City Chief District Court	ST08
9	Head of Bandung City Regional People’s Representative Council	ST09
10	Vice Mayor of Bandung City	ST10
11	Regional Secretary of Bandung City	ST11
12	Assistant for Government and Community Welfare at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST12
13	Assistant for General Administration and Personnel at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST13
14	Head of Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST14
15	Head of Bandung City Health Agency	ST15
16	Head of Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	ST16
17	Head of Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	ST17
18	Inspector of Bandung City	ST18
19	Head of Bandung City Development Planning, Research and Development Agency	ST19
20	Head of Bandung City Communication and Information Agency	ST20
21	Vice Chief of Bandung City Resort Police	ST21
22	Deputy Head of Bandung Military Police Detachment	ST22
23	Head of Bandung City Education Agency	ST23
24	Head of Bandung City Manpower Agency	ST24
25	Head of Bandung City Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment Agency	ST25
26	Head of Bandung City Population and Civil Registration Agency	ST26
27	Head of Bandung City Population Control and Family Planning Agency	ST27
28	Head of Bandung City Culture and Tourism Agency	ST28
29	Head of Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	ST29
30	Head of Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	ST30
31	Head of Bandung City Personnel, Education and Training Agency	ST31
32	Head of the General Government Section at the Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST32
33	Head of Community Welfare Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST33
34	Head of Partnerships Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST34
35	Sub-district Heads throughout Bandung City	ST35
36	Head of Disease Prevention and Control Division at Bandung City Health Agency	ST36
37	Head of Sports Infrastructure Development Division at Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	ST37
38	Head of Community and Apparatus Development Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	ST38
39	Head of C Licensing and Non-Licensing Services Division at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	ST39
40	Head of Environmental Pollution Rehabilitation and Prevention Division at Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	ST40
41	Head of Intelligence Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	ST41
42	Head of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST42
43	Head of D2 Licensing and Non-Licensing Services Section at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	ST43
44	Head of Investment Planning Section at Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency	ST44
45	Chiefs of Urban Villages throughout Bandung City	ST45
46	Head of Sabhara Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST46
47	Deputy Head of Sabhara Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST47
48	Deputy Head of Sabhara Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST48
49	Head of Security and Defense Section of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST49
50	Commander of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST50
51	Sub Commander of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST51
52	Chief of Staff of the Operations Section of the Military District Command	ST52
53	Head of Command Affairs for the Naval Army Base Training Center	ST53
54	Head of Operations Development for the Sabhara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST54
55	Commissioned Officer of Investigation and Physical Security Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST55
56	Head of Vital Object Security for the Samapta Bhayangkara Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST56
57	Unit Commander III of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST57
58	Commissioned Officer of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST58
59	Head of the Samapta Bhayangkara Mass Control Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST59
60	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST60
61	Non-commissioned Officer 1 of Law Enforcement and Guard Unit at Sub Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST61
62	Non-commissioned Officer 2 of Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST62
63	Enlisted Officer of 1 Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Sub Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST63
64	Enlisted Officer of 2 Law Enforcement and Guards Unit at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST64
65	Enlisted Officer of Internal Administration Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST65
66	Head of Bandung City Family Welfare Empowerment Drive Team	ST66
67	Chairman of Bandung City Indonesian Ulema Council	ST67
68	Chairman of Bandung City Religious Harmony Forum	ST68
69	Chairman of Bandung City National Committee of Indonesian Youth	ST69
70	Chairman of Bandung City Hamlet Forum	ST70
71	Chairman of Bandung City Community Empowerment Agency	ST71
72	Head of Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST72
73	Secretary of Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST73
74	Head of Regional Law Product Enforcement Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	ST74
75	Head of Preparedness, Extinguishing and Rescue Operations Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST75
76	Head of Bandung City Regional General Hospital	ST76
77	Head of Bandung City Women and Children Hospital	ST77
78	Head of Bandung City Dental and Oral Health Hospital	ST78
79	Heads of Community Health Centers throughout Bandung City	ST79
80	Head of Program and Finance Subdivision at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST80
81	Head of General Affairs and Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST81
82	Head of Special Crime Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	ST82
83	Head of Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region I at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST83
84	Head of Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region II at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST84
85	Head of Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region III at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST85
86	Head of Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region IV at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST86
87	Head of Bandung City Technical Implementation Unit of Integrated Safety Service Center	ST87
88	Head of Bandung City Technical Implementation Unit of Health Laboratory	ST88
89	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region I at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST89
90	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region II at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST90
91	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region III at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST91
92	Head of Administration Subdivision in Technical Implementation Unit Cemetery Management Region IV at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST92
93	Head of Regional Development Subdivision in Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST93
94	Data and Information Compiler at Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency	ST94
95	Element of Bandung City Social Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Agency	ST95
96	Head of Health Affairs for the Resource Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST96
97	Military District Command Territorial Section 0618/BS	ST97
98	Head of Personnel Administration Affairs at Bandung Naval Base Command	ST98
99	Head of Husein Sastranegara Air Force Development Potential Section at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST99
100	Commissioned Officer of Guarding Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST100
101	Health Affairs of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST101
102	Element of Bandung City Indonesian Red Cross	ST102
103	Element of Bandung City National and Politics Unity Agency	ST103
104	Head of Bandung City Social and Poverty Alleviation Agency	ST104
105	Head of Bandung City Food Security and Agriculture Agency	ST105
106	Secretary of Bandung City Transportation Agency	ST106
107	Head of Disaster Management Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST107
108	Head of Health Services Division at Bandung City Health Agency	ST108
109	Head of Community Protection Division at Bandung Civil Service Police Unit	ST109
110	Head of Social Protection Section for Disaster Victims at the Bandung City Social and Poverty Alleviation Agency	ST110
111	Head of Disaster Cooperation Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST111
112	Head of Referral Section at Bandung City Health Agency	ST112
113	Head of Primary and Traditional Health Services Section at Bandung City Health Agency	ST113
114	Head of Community Development Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST114
115	Head of Resources Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST115
116	Head of Traffic Unit at Bandung Section Resort Police	ST116
117	Deputy Head of Community Development Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST117
118	Deputy Head of Traffic Unit at Bandung Section Resort Police	ST118
119	Head of the Legal Sub-Section for Resources at Bandung City Resort Police	ST119
120	Commissioned Officer of Investigation and Physical Security Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST120
121	Field Non-commissioned Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST121
122	Non-commissioned Officer of Prisoners Affairs at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST122
123	Field Non-commissioned Officer of Investigation and Physical Security at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/6	ST123
124	Field Non-commissioned Officer Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST124
125	Head of the Traffic Management, Guard, Escort and Patrol Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST125
126	Head of the Motor Vehicle Registration and Identification Unit of the Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST126
127	Head of the Traffic Accident Unit, Bandung City Resort Police	ST127
128	Head of Operations Development Affairs for the Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST128
129	Head of the Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST129
130	Head of the Development Subsection for Airfield Engineering and Materials, Husein Sastranegara	ST130
131	Head of Operational Affairs for the Military District Command 0618/BS	ST131
132	Head of Community Policing Unit Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST132
133	Head of the Community Order Development Unit, Community Development Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST133
134	Head of Affairs II Legal Sub Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST134
135	Head of the Education and Engineering Unit of the Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST135
136	Head of Operations for the Military District Command Intel Unit at Bandung Naval Base Command	ST136
137	Head of Administrative and Administrative Affairs of the Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST137
138	Head of Affairs I Legal Sub Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST138
139	Commissioned Officer of Law Subdivision at Bandung City Resort Police	ST139
140	Community Development Unit of Bandung City Resort Police	ST140
141	Traffic Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST141
142	Head of Technical Implementation Unit at Community Health Centers	ST142
143	Element of Bandung City Amil Zakat Agency	ST143
144	Head of Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	ST144
145	Head of Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	ST145
146	Head of Bandung City Transportation Agency	ST146
147	Head of Law Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST147
148	Head of the Transportation Control and Order Division of the Bandung Transportation Service	ST148
149	Head of Regional Regulation Enforcement Division at Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit	ST149
150	Head of Public Peace and Order Division at Bandung Civil Service Police Unit	ST150
151	Head of Legal Aid Subdivision in Legal Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST151
152	Head of the General Crime Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	ST152
153	Head of Criminal Investigation Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST153
154	Military District Command Intelligence Section 0618/BS	ST154
155	Commander of Military Police Unit of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST155
156	Commander of Naval Military Police Detachment at Bandung Naval Base Command	ST156
157	Commissioned Officer of Investigator Section at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST157
158	Non-commissioned Officer of Examining Investigator at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST158
159	Non-commissioned Officer of Investigation at Bandung City Military Police Detachment III/5	ST159
160	Head of Professional and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST160
161	Head of Supervision Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST161
162	Deputy Head of Criminal Investigation Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST162
163	Head of Operations Development for the Criminal Investigation Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST163
164	Head of the Criminal Investigation Unit II at Bandung City Resort Police	ST164
165	Head of the Criminal Investigation Unit III at Bandung City Resort Police	ST165
166	Head of the Criminal Investigation Unit I at Bandung City Resort Police	ST166
167	Head of Provos Unit for Professional and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST167
168	Head of the Internal Security Unit for the Professional and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST168
169	Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST169
170	Internal Security in Profession and Security Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST170
171	Supervisory Section of Bandung City Resort Police	ST171
172	Investigation and Crime Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST172
173	Head of Bandung City Public Works Agency	ST173
174	Head of Bandung City Housing, Settlement, Land and Landscaping Agency	ST174
175	Head of Bandung City Cooperative Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Agency	ST175
176	Head of General Affairs Division Umum at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST176
177	Head of Trade Distribution and E-Commerce Development Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	ST177
178	Head of Business and Trade Facilities Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	ST178
179	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST179
180	Head of Youth Development Division at Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency	ST180
181	Head of Environmental Pollution Rehabilitation and Prevention Division at Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	ST181
182	Chairman of Healthy Bandung Forum	ST182
183	Head of the Bandung Regional Revenue Management Agency	ST183
184	Secretary of Bandung City Housing, Settlement, Land and Landscaping Agency	ST184
185	Head of Economic Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST185
186	Head of Goods and Service Procurement Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST186
187	Head of Assets Division at the Bandung City Regional Financial and Asset Agency	ST187
188	Board of Directors of Bandung City Cleanliness Regional Company	ST188
189	Directors of Bandung City Tirtawening Regional Water Company	ST189
190	Director of Bandung City Market Area Company	ST190
191	Directors of Bandung City Credit Bank Regional Company	ST191
192	Commissioned Officer Staff of Personnel Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	ST192
193	Head of Operations for the Intel Unit at the Bandung Naval Base Command Headquarters	ST193
194	Head of Procurement and Distribution Section in Trade Distribution and E-Commerce Development Division at Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	ST194
195	Element of Bandung City Hotel and Restaurant Entrepreneurs Association	ST195
196	Element of Bandung City Tourism Association	ST196
197	Element of Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association	ST197
198	Element of the Indonesian Shopping Center Association	ST198
199	Head of Health Resources Division at Bandung City Health Agency	ST199
200	Head of Sanitation Division at Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	ST200
201	Head of Facilities and Infrastructure Sub Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST201
202	Commissioned Officer Staff of Logistics Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	ST202
203	Head of Personnel Section at Bandung Naval Base Command	ST203
204	Head of Affairs I Sub Division of Facilities and Infrastructure at Bandung City Resort Police	ST204
205	Head of Affairs III Sub Division of Facilities and Infrastructure at Bandung City Resort Police	ST205
206	Health Support of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husen Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST206
207	Head of Affairs II Sub Division of Facilities and Infrastructure at Bandung City Resort Police	ST207
208	Chief Police Brigadier of Facilities and Infrastructure Sub Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST208
209	Head of Pharmacy and Medical Devices Section at Bandung City Health Agency	ST209
210	Head of General Affairs and Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST210
211	Elements of the Indonesian Doctors Association (Ikatan Dokter Indonesia/IDI)	ST211
212	Element of Bandung City Health Agency	ST212
213	Element of Bandung City Military Police Detachment III	ST213
214	Head of Bandung City Leadership Administrative Division	ST214
215	Head of the Accounting Division of the Bandung City Regional Financial and Asset Agency	ST215
216	Head of Operation Plan Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST216
217	Element of General Affairs Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST217
218	Secretary of the Bandung City Regional Finance and Assets Agency	ST218
219	Head of the Budget Division of the Bandung City Regional Finance and Assets Agency	ST219
220	Head of the Treasury Division of the Bandung City Regional Financial and Asset Agency	ST220
221	Head of Finance Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST221
222	Secretary of Bandung City Inspectorate	ST222
223	Assistant Inspector I at Bandung City Inspectorate	ST223
224	Assistant Inspector II at Bandung City Inspectorate	ST224
225	Assistant Inspector III at Bandung City Inspectorate	ST225
226	Assistant Inspector IV at Bandung City Inspectorate	ST226
227	Certain Functional Officer Auditor at Bandung Inspectorate	ST227
228	Local Government Affairs Supervisory Office at Bandung Inspectorate	ST228
229	Personnel Auditor at Bandung City Inspectorate	ST229
230	Head of Civil Law and State Administration Section at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	ST230
231	Element of West Java Representative Financial and Development Supervision Agency	ST231
232	Head of Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Agency	ST232
233	Secretary of Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST233
234	Secretary of Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	ST234
235	Secretary of Bandung City Health Agency	ST235
236	Head of the Bandung Regional Apparatus Organization and Empowerment Section	ST236
237	Head of Program, Design and Quality Development Bandung	ST237
238	Head of Data and Information Program Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST238
239	Head of Development Subdivision at Bandung City District Prosecutor’s Office	ST239
240	Head of Data and Information Program Subdivision at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST240
241	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 1	ST241
242	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 2	ST242
243	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 3	ST243
244	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 4	ST244
245	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 5	ST245
246	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 6	ST246
247	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 7	ST247
248	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 8	ST248
249	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 9	ST249
250	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 10	ST250
251	Head of Support and Operations Division at State Intelligence Agency of West Java Province Region	ST251
252	Head of Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST252
253	Head of the Security Intelligence Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST253
254	Head of Operations Control Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST254
255	Deputy Head of the Security Intelligence Section at Bandung City Resort Police	ST255
256	Head of Ada of Husein Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST256
257	Commissioned Officer Staff of Intel Section at Military District Command 0618/BS	ST257
258	Regional State Intelligence Agency agent in West Java	ST258
259	Head of Operations Development for the Security Intelligence Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST259
260	Head of Unit 4 Intelligence and Security Unit at Bandung City Resort Police	ST260
261	Head of Operations Development Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST261
262	Head of Operational Control Sub-Section Affairs at Bandung City Resort Police	ST262
263	Head of Operational Development Subdivision at Bandung City Resort Police	ST263
264	Commissioned Officer of Operations Development Subdivision Affairs in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST264
265	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police IV	ST265
266	Middle Agent of the Regional State Intelligence Agency in West Java	ST266
267	Intelligence and Security Unit of Bandung City Resort Police IV	ST267
268	Operations Division of Bandung City Resort Police I	ST268
269	Element of the Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST269
270	Element of Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	ST270
271	Head of Public Relations Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST271
272	Secretary of Bandung City Communication and Information Agency	ST272
273	Head of Fire Prevention Division at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Department	ST273
274	Head of Dissemination Division at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	ST274
275	Head of Application Development Section at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	ST275
276	Head of Information Disclosure Section at Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency	ST276
277	Head of General Affairs and Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST277
278	Head of Protocol Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST278
279	Head of Protocol Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST279
280	Head of Executive Administration and Expert Staff Subdivision in General Government Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST280
281	Head of Personnel Subdivision at Bandung City Health Agency	ST281
282	Head of Subdivision at Bandung City Dental and Oral Health Hospital	ST282
283	Head of Community Participation Development Section at Bandung City Fire and Disaster Management Agency	ST283
284	Head of Legal Sub-Section for Operations at Bandung City Resort Police	ST284
285	Secretariat Commissioned Officer at Bandung Naval Base Command	ST285
286	Acting Commissioned Officer of Legal Subdivision Affairs at Bandung City Resort Police	ST286
287	Law Commissioned Officer of Husein Sastranegara Air Base at Husen Sastranegara Air Base Command	ST287
288	Non-commissioned Officer of Law Subdivision in Operations Division at Bandung City Resort Police	ST288
289	Element of the Public Relations Division at Bandung City Regional Secretariat	ST289
290	Element of Bandung City Health Agency	ST290
291	Element of Bandung City Dental and Oral Special Hospital	ST291
292	Element of Media	ST292

Appendix 3. Actor circle of COVID-19 handling in Bandung City (Figure 3).

No	Policy actors/node	Code
1	Bandung City Health Agency	LA01
2	Prevention Section (Bandung City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency)	LA02
3	Prevention Section (Bandung City Population Control and Family Planning Agency)	LA03
4	Prevention Section (Bandung City Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment Agency)	LA04
5	Prevention Section (Bandung City Resort Police)	LA05
6	Prevention Section (Bandung City Education Agency)	LA06
7	Prevention Section (Bandung City Population and Civil Registration Agency)	LA07
8	Prevention Section (Bandung City Youth and Sports Agency)	LA08
9	Prevention Section (Bandung City Personnel, Education and Training Agency)	LA09
10	Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	LA10
11	Bandung City Communication and Information Agency	LA11
12	Bandung City Inspectorate	LA12
13	Coding and Informatics Applications Section (Bandung City COVID-19 Information Center/Pusikov)	LA13
14	Data Section (Bandung City Communication and Information Agency)	LA14
15	Bandung City Financial and Asset Management Agency	LA15
16	Regional Resource Preparation Section (Bandung City Regional Revenue Management Agency)	LA16
17	Recovery and Basic Services Section (Bandung City Food Security and Agriculture Agency)	LA17
18	Bandung City Trade and Industry Agency	LA18
19	Section of Preparation and Use of Medical Devices (Bandung City Health Agency)	LA19
20	Security and Law Enforcement Sector (Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit)	LA20
21	Security and Law Enforcement Sector (Bandung City National and Political Unity Agency)	LA21
22	Security and Law Enforcement Sector (Bandung City Transportation Agency)	LA22
23	Security and Law Enforcement Sector (Bandung City Social Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Agency)	LA23
24	Handling Section (Bandung City Dental and Oral Hospital)	LA24
25	Handling Section (Bandung City Spatial Planning Agency)	LA25
26	Handling Section (Bandung City Community Health Centers)	LA26
27	Handling Section (Bandung City Regional General Hospital)	LA27
28	Handling Section (Bandung City Women and Children Hospital)	LA28

Appendix 4. Visualization results of the policy actor of the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Committee in Bandung City (Figure 4).

No	Policy actors/node	Code
1	Assistant for Economics and Development at the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE01
2	Chairman of the Bandung City Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN)	PE02
3	Head of the Economic Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE03
4	Head of the Bandung City Trade and Industry Office	PE04
5	Chairman of the Bandung City Chamber of Commerce and Industry Committee	PE05
6	Head of the Cooperative Institutional Sector at the Bandung City Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperative Service	PE06
7	Chairman of APRINDO Bandung City	PE07
8	Head of Dekopinwil West Java Province	PE08
9	Head of Cooperation Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE09
10	Prof. Dr. AWY, SH. MH.	PE10
11	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 1	PE11
12	Bandung City Government Public Policy Advisory Team Member 2	PE12
13	Head of the Bandung City Food and Agriculture Service	PE13
14	Head of Bulog Regional Sub Division Bandung	PE14
15	Head of ODistribution’ and E-Commerce at the Department of Trade and Industry of the City of Bandung	PE15
16	Bandung City Food Security Council	PE16
17	Main Director of Dignified Market Regional Company in Bandung City	PE17
18	Bandung City HKTI	PE18
19	Head of Bandung City HISWANA MIGAS	PE19
20	Urban Forum Bandung City Farming	PE20
21	Head of Agribusiness Study Program, Universitas Padjadjaran	PE21
22	Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry of the City of Bandung	PE22
23	Head of the Bandung City Polrestabes Specific Crime Unit (Bandung City Food Task Force)	PE23
24	Head of One Stop Investment and Licensing Service for the City of Bandung	PE24
25	Secretary of the Bandung City Food and Agriculture Security Service	PE25
26	Head of the Bandung City Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperative Service	PE26
27	Chairman of Dekranasda Bandung City	PE27
28	Secretary of the Bandung City Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperative Service	PE28
29	Chairman of Bandung City HIPMI	PE29
30	Chairman of BPPKU KADIN Kota	PE30
31	Chairman of APPBI Bandung City	PE31
32	Head of Bandung City Tourism Culture Office	PE32
33	Dr. IP (Universitas Padjadjaran)	PE33
34	Head of Tourism at the Bandung City Tourism Culture Office	PE34
35	Head of Creative Economy at the Bandung City Tourism Culture Office	PE35
36	Head of Marketing at the Bandung City Tourism Culture Office	PE36
37	HM (PHRI)	PE37
38	Bjt (Asita)	PE38
39	FP (Riung Priangan)	PE39
40	HR (HPI)	PE40
41	Fsl (STP)	PE41
42	DD (ITB)	PE42
43	AM (Citizen Representatives)	PE43
44	DSA (Citizen Representatives)	PE44
45	JS (Citizen Representatives)	PE45
46	Secretary of the Bandung City Communication and Information Service	PE46
47	PWI of Bandung City	PE47
48	Head of Data and Information Sub-Division in the Public Relations Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE48
49	Chairman of PRSSNI Bandung City	PE49
50	Head of Economic Development Division KPW Bank Indonesia West Java Province	PE50
51	Head of West Java Coordinating ISEI	PE51
52	Head of Regional Revenue Management Agency for the City of Bandung	PE52
53	West Java Regional II Financial Services Authority	PE53
54	Chairman of the Regional Banking Consultative Council	PE54
55	Chairman of TJSL Bandung City	PE55
56	Head of the Bandung City Manpower Office	PE56
57	Chairman of APINDO Bandung City	PE57
58	Chairman of the Bandung City Wage Council	PE58
59	Chairman of the Bandung City SBSI	PE59
60	Practitioners	PE60
61	Head of the Bandung City Office of Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment	PE61
62	Head of Bandung City Social and Poverty Management Office	PE62
63	Head of the People’s Welfare Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE63
64	Head of Government Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE64
65	Chairman of the Association of District Heads of Bandung City	PE65
66	Head of the Bandung City Lurah Forum	PE66
67	Chairman of the Bandung City Community Empowerment Institute	PE67
68	Bandung City Family Welfare Empowerment Team	PE68
69	Chairman of the Community Pillars of Bandung City Forum	PE69
70	Elements of the Bandung City Planning, Research and Development Agency	PE70
71	Elements of the Economic Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung	PE71