Suggestibility, Expectancy, Trance State Effects, and Hypnotic Depth: II. Assessment via the PCI-HAP

References

• Angell , J. 1907 . The province of functional psychology . The Psychological Review , 14 : 61 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Barabasz , A. and Watkins , J. G. 2005 . Hypnotherapeutic techniques: 2E , New York : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , T. X. 2000 . A deeper understanding of hypnosis: Its secrets, its nature, its essence . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 42 : 208 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , S. M. , Lynn , S. J. and Pekala , R. J. 2009 . Not all hypnotic suggestibility scales are created equal: Individual differences in behavioral and subjective responses . Consciousness and Cognition , 18 : 255 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnier , A. J. and McConkey , K. M. 2003 . Hypnosis, human nature, and complexity: Integrating neuroscience approaches into hypnosis research . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 51 : 282 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benham , G. , Woody , E. Z. , Wilson , K. S. and Nash , M. R. 2006 . Expect the unexpected: Ability, attitude and responsiveness to hypnosis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 342 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , K. S. 1993 . The Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Normative and comparative data . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 41 : 35 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. P. and Fromm , E. 1986 . Hypnotherapy and hypnoanalysis , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. A. 2005 . The phenomenology of deep hypnosis: Quiescent and physically active . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 53 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , L. 1960 . Alice in wonderland , New York : Books, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. , Rossi , E. L. and Rossi , S. I. 1976 . Hypnotic realities: The induction of clinical hypnosis and forms of indirect suggestion , New York : Irvington Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Simon , H. A. 1980 . Verbal reports as data . Psychological Review , 87 : 215 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , E. and Pekala , R. J. 1993 . Predicting hypnotic susceptibility via a phenomenological approach . Psychological Reports , 73 : 1251 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , R. J. and Pekala , R. J. 1996 . Types of hypnotically (un)susceptible individuals as a function of phenomenological experience: A partial replication . Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 24 : 92 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Frischholz , E. J. 2000 . What is hypnosis? . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 42 : 174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm , L. G. and Yarnold , R. R. 1995 . Reading and understanding multivariate statistics , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , D. C. 1990 . Handbook of hypnotic suggestions and metaphors , New York : W.W. Norton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , D. C. 1998 . Guest editorial - The need for clinically relevant research . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 41 : 2 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand , J. , Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 1995 . Prediction of Harvard and Stanford Scale scores with a phenomenological instrument . Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 23 : 124 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Hilgard , E. R. 1965 . The experience of hypnosis , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Holroyd , J. 2003 . The science of meditation and the state of hypnosis . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 46 : 109 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , H. T. and Chefurka , C. M. 1976 . A test of the psychedelic model of altered states of consciousness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 867 – 876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1890/1950 . The principles of psychology , Vols. 1 and 2 , New York : Dover Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kallio , S. and Revonsuo , A. 2003 . Hypnotic phenomena and altered states of consciousness: Multilevel framework of description and explanation . Contemporary Hypnosis , 20 : 111 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallio , S. and Revonsuo , A. 2005 . Altering the state of the altered state debate: Reply to commentaries . Contemporary Hypnosis , 22 : 46 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F. 1997 . Convergence in understanding hypnosis? Perhaps, but not so fast . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 45 : 324 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. 2003 . The fox, the hedgehog, and hypnosis . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 51 : 166 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F. 2005 . Is hypnosis an altered state of consciousness or what? . Contemporary Hypnosis , 2 : 34 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , F. F. 2008 . “ The domain of hypnosis, revisited ” . In The Oxford handbook of hypnosis: Theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Nash , M. R. and Barnier , A. J. 21 – 52 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. 1985 . Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior . American Psychologist , 40 : 1189 – 1202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. 1991 . “ The social learning theory of hypnosis ” . In Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives , Edited by: Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 439 – 465 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. 1997 . Suggestibility or hypnosis: What do our scales really measure? . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 45 : 212 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. 2000 . The response set theory of hypnosis . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 42 : 274 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. and Braffman , W. 1999 . Correlates of hypnotizability: The first empirical study . Contemporary Hypnosis , 16 : 224 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. and Braffman , W. 2001 . Imaginative suggestibility and hypnotizability . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 10 : 57 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukla , A. 1983 . Toward a science of experience . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 4 : 231 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. K. and Pekala , R. J. 1988 . Hypnotizability, absorption, and individual differences in phenomenological experience . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 36 : 17 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. K. and Pekala , R. J. 1989 . Variations in phenomenological experience as a function of hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility: A replication . British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis , 6 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. K. , Pekala , R. J. and Cummings , J. 1996 . Trait factors, state effects, and hypnotizability . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 44 : 232 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. K. , Pekala , R. J. and Marcano , G. 1996 . Hypnotizability, dissociativity, and phenomenological experience . Dissociation , 9 : 143 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. K. , Pekala , R. J. and McCloskey , M. 1999 . Phenomenological state effects during hypnosis: A cross-validation of findings . Contemporary Hypnosis , 16 : 9 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurence , J. R. and Nadon , R. 1986 . Reports of hypnotic depth: Are they more than mere words? . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 34 : 215 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeCron , L. M. 1953 . A method of measuring the depth of hypnosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 1 : 4 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , D. A. 1979 . Behaviorism and the mind: A (limited) call for a return to introspection . American Psychologist , 34 : 319 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. J. and Kirsch . 2006 . Essentials of clinical hypnosis: An evidence-based approach , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. J. , Kirsch , I. , Knox , J. , Fassler , O. and Lilienfeld , S. O. 2007 . “ Hypnosis and neuroscience: Implications for the altered state debate ” . In Hypnosis and conscious states: The cognitive neuroscience perspective , Edited by: Jamieson , G. A. 143 – 165 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 1986 . The fantasy prone person: Hypnosis, imagination, and creativity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 404 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 1988 . Fantasy proneness: Hypnosis, developmental antecedents, and psychopathology . American Psychologist , 43 : 35 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. J. and Sherman , S. J. 2000 . The clinical importance of sociocognitive models of hypnosis: Response set theory and Milton Erickson's strategic interventions . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 42 : 294 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , R. L. , Kumar , V. K. , Woodside , L. N. and Pekala , R. J. 1997 . Phenomenological experience in response to monotonous drumming and hypnotizability . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 40 : 130 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohl , J. C. , Kumar , V. K. and Pekala , R. J. The desire to be hypnotized: Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association . San Francisco, CA. August .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , R. R. and Rudstam , K. E. 1999 . Your statistical consultant: Answers to your data analysis questions , London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Nisbett , R. E. and Wilson , T. D. 1977 . Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes . Psychological Review , 84 : 231 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. 1967 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Orne , M. T. 1962 . On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications . American Psychologist , 17 : 776 – 783 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1980 . An empirical-phenomenological approach for mapping consciousness and its various “states.” , Doctoral dissertation Michigan State University . (1980). 44 (University Microfilm No. 82–02, 489)
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1982 . The phenomenology of consciousness inventory , Thorndale, PA : Psychophenomenological Concepts . (Now published by Mid-Atlantic Educational Institute. See Pekala, 1991b)
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1991a . Quantifying consciousness: An empirical approach , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1991b . The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory , West Chester, PA : Mid-Atlantic Educational Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1995a . A short unobtrusive hypnotic induction for assessing hypnotizability level: I. Development and research . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 37 : 271 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 1995b . A short unobtrusive hypnotic induction for assessing hypnotizability: II. Clinical case reports . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 37 : 284 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. 2002 . Operationalizing “trance.” II. Clinical application using a psychophenomenological approach . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 44 : 241 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. The puzzles and perplexities of hypnotism: How phenomenology can help . Keynote address given at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis . Reno, Nevada. October .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. October 2009b . Therapist's Manual: Interpretation of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP) October , Unpublished manual
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Cardeña , E. 2000 . “ Methodological issues in the study of altered states of consciousness and anomalous experiences ” . In Varieties of anomalous experience , Edited by: Cardeña , E. , Lynn , S. J. and Krippner , S. 47 – 82 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Ersek , B. 1992/93 . Fire walking versus hypnosis: A preliminary study concerning consciousness, attention, and fire immunity . Imagination, Cognition, and Personality , 12 : 207 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Forbes , E. and Contriasani , P. 1988 . Hypnoidal effects associated with several stress management strategies . Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 16 : 121 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 1984 . Predicting hypnotic susceptibility by a self-report phenomenological state instrument . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 27 : 114 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 1986 . The differential organization of the structures of consciousness during hypnosis and a baseline condition . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 7 : 515 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 1987 . Predicting hypnotic susceptibility by a self-report phenomenological state instrument . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 30 : 57 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 1989 . Patterns of consciousness during hypnosis: Relevance to cognition and individual differences . Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 17 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 2000 . Operationalizing “trance.” I. Rationale and research using a psychophenomenological approach . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 43 : 107 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Kumar , V. K. 2007 . “ An empirical-phenomenological approach to quantifying consciousness and states of consciousness: With particular reference to understanding the nature of hypnosis ” . In Towards a cognitive-neuroscience of hypnosis and conscious states: A resource for researchers, students, and clinicians , Edited by: Jamieson , G. 167 – 194 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Kumar , V. K. and Marcano , G. 1996 . Hypnotic types: A partial replication concerning phenomenal experience . Contemporary Hypnosis , 12 : 194 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Kumar , V. K. and Maurer , R. October 2009 . The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP): Administrator's Manual October , Unpublished manual
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Kumar , V. K. , Maurer , R. , Elliott-Carter , N. and Moon , E. 2006 . “How deeply hypnotized did I get?” Predicting self-reported hypnotic depth from a phenomenological assessment instrument . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 54 : 316 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Kumar , V. K. , Maurer , R. , Elliott-Carter , N. , Moon , E. and Mullen , K. 2010 . Suggestibility, Expectancy, Trance State Effects, and Hypnotic Depth: I. Implications for Understanding Hypnotism . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 52 : 271 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Levine , R. L. 1981 . Mapping consciousness: Development of an empirical-phenomenological approach . Imagination, Cognition, and Personality: The Scientific Study of Consciousness , 1 : 29 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Levine , R. L. 1982 . Quantifying states of consciousness via an empirical-phenomenological approach . Imagination, Cognition, and Personality: The Scientific Study of Consciousness , 2 : 51 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Maurer , R. Self-reported hypnotic depth, suggestibility, expectancy, and trance state effects: A replication . Paper accepted for presentation at American Psychological Association Annual Convention . San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Nagler , R. 1989 . The assessment of hypnoidal states: Rationale and clinical application . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 31 : 231 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Steinberg , J. and Kumar , V. K. 1986 . Measurement of phenomenological experience: Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 63 : 983 – 989 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. and Wenger , C. F. 1983 . Retrospective phenomenological assessment: Mapping consciousness in reference to specific stimulus conditions . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 4 : 247 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumaker , J. F. , ed. 1991 . Human suggestibility: Advances in theory, research, and application , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , P. W. 1979 . “ Hypnosis and the processes of imagination ” . In Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Fromm , E. and Shor , R. E. 381 – 411 . New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , P. W. and McConkey , K. M. 1982 . Hypnosis and experience: The exploration of phenomena and process , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Shor , R. E. and Orne , E. C. 1962 . The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. L. and Kolligian , J. Jr. 1987 . Personality: Developments in the study of private experience . Annual Review of Psychology , 38 : 533 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. and Miller , F. 1978 . Limits on perception of cognitive processes: A reply to Nisbett and Wilson . Psychological Review , 85 : 355 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel , H. and Spiegel , H. 2004 . Trance and treatment: Clinical uses of hypnosis, , 2nd ed. , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tart , C. T. 1970 . Self-report scales of hypnotic depth . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 18 : 105 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tart , C. T. 1979 . “ Measuring the depth of an altered state of consciousness with particular reference to self-report scales of hypnotic depth ” . In Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Fromm , E. and Shor , R. E. 567 – 601 . New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Wagstaff , G. F. , Cole , J. C. and Brunas-Wagstaff , J. 2008 . Measuring hypnotizability: The case for self-report depth scales and normative data for the Long Stanford Scale . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 56 : 119 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiten , W. 2001 . Psychology: Themes and variations, , 5th Ed. , New York : Brooks Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzenhoffer , A. M. 1989 . The practice of hypnotism: Volume 1: Traditional and semi-traditional techniques and phenomenology , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzenhoffer , A. M. 2002 . Scales, scales, and more scales . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 44 : 209 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzenhoffer , A. M. and Hilgard , E. 1962 . Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , L. 1998 . SYSTAT , Evanston, IL : SYSTAT .
   Google Scholar
• Woodside , L. N. , Kumar , V. K. and Pekala , R. J. 1997 . Monotonous percussion drumming and trance postures: A controlled evaluation of phenomenological effects . Anthropology of Consciousness , 8 : 69 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Woody , E. Z. , Barnier , A. J. and McConkey , K. M. 2005 . Multiple hypnotizabilities: Differentiating the building blocks of hypnotic response . Psychological Assessment , 17 : 200 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woody , E. Z. , Drugovic , M. and Oakman , J. M. 1997 . A reexamination of the role of nonhypnotic suggestibility in hypnotic responding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 399 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woody , E. Z. and McConkey , K. M. 2003 . What we don't know about the brain and hypnosis, but need to: A view from the Buckhorn Inn . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 51 : 309 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar