Insect Dispersal on Tenerife, Canary Islands: High Altitude Fallout and Seaward Drift

REFERENCES CITED

• Achterberg, C. C., 1986: Personal communication. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Ås, D., 1984: Colonization of Baltic islands by winged and wingless carabid beetles. Journal of Biogeography, 11: 413–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashlock, P. D. and Gagné, W. C., 1983: A remarkable new micropterous Nysius species from the aeolian zone of Mauna Kea, Hawai'i Island (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). International Journal of Entomology, 25: 47–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashmole, M. J. and Ashmole, N. P., in press: Arthropod communities supported by biological fallout on recent lava flows in the Canary Islands. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum.
   Google Scholar
• Ashmole, N. P., Nelson, J. M., Shaw, M. R., and Garside, A., 1983: Insects and spiders on snowfields in the Cairngorms, Scotland. Journal of Natural History, 17: 599–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askew, R. R., 1986: Personal communication. Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Bateman, M. A., 1968: Determinants of abundance in a population of the Queensland fruit fly. In Southwood, T. R. E. (ed.), Insect Abundance, Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London Number 4, 119–131.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Yami, M., Herzberg, A., Pisanty, S., and Lourie, A., 1970: A side-tracking neuston net. Marine Biology, 6: 312–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden, J. and Johnson, C. G., 1976: Migrating and other terrestrial insects at sea. In Cheng, L. (ed.), Marine Insects. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 97–117.
   Google Scholar
• Brinck, P., 1948: Coleoptera of Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937–1938, No. 17. 126 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bristowe, W. S., 1931: A preliminary note on the spiders of Krakatau. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1931: 1389–1400.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, E. S., 1951: The relation between migration rate and type of habitat in aquatic insects with special reference to certain Corixidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121: 539–545.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, D. M., 1973: The factors influencing the selection of food by the house martin (Delichon urbica [L.]). Journal of Animal Ecology, 42: 539–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, G. W., 1969: Evolution of wing reduction in crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae). Evolution, 23: 346–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, C. G., 1986: Estudio ecológico de las poblaciones de artrópodos de superficie en el sector nororiental del Parque Nacional del Teide. Universidad de la Laguna: Memoria de Licenciatura. 155 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Campos, C. G. and Peraza, J. M., 1986: Estudio de la aracnofauna de superficie en el sector nororiental del Parque Nacional del Teide (Tenerife, Islas Canarias). 1. Variabilidad y distribución temporales. Actas X Congreso Internacional de Aracnología, Jaca, 1: 189–196.
   Google Scholar
• Campos, C. G., García, R., Peraza, J. M., and Oromí, P., 1986: Variabilidad y modelos de distribución temporales de las poblaciones de coleópteros de superficie en la vertiente N.E. del Teide (Tenerife, Islas Canarias). Actas de las VIII Jornadas de la Asociación Española de Entomología, Sevilla, 1986: 506–514.
   Google Scholar
• Carlquist, S., 1974: Island Biology. New York: Columbia University Press. 660 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, L., 1975: Marine pleuston — animals at the sea-air interface. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Review, 13: 181–212.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, L. and Birch, M. C., 1978: Insect flotsam: An unstudied marine resource. Ecological Entomology, 3: 87–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comins, H. N., Hamilton, W. D., and May, R. M., 1980: Evolutionary stable dispersal strategies. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 82: 205–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. L. and Edwards, J. S., 1986: Ballooning spiders as a component of arthropod fallout on snowfields of Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 18: 429–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danthanarayana, W. (ed.), 1986: Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Darlington, P. J., Jr., 1943: Carabidae of mountains and islands: Data on the evolution of isolated faunas, and on atrophy of wings. Ecological Monographs, 13: 37–61.
   Google Scholar
• Darlington, P. J., Jr., 1970: Carabidae on tropical islands, especially the West Indies. Biotropica, 2: 7–15.
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, C., 1872: The Origin of Species (6th ed.). London: John Murray. 432 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster, J. P., 1975: Animal Population Ecology. London: Academic Press. 155 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Den Boer, P. J., 1970: On the significance of dispersal power for populations of carabid-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Oecologia, 4: 1–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Boer, P. J., 1981: On the survival of populations in a heterogeneous and variable environment. Oecologia, 50: 39–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle, H., 1979: Adaptive variation in the evolution of insect migration. In Rabb, R. L. and Kennedy, G. G. (eds.), Movements of Highly Mobile Insects. Raleigh, N.C.: University Graphics, 64–87.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, A. F. G., 1969: Population dynamics of the sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Migratory and trivial flight activity. Journal of Animal Ecology, 38: 585–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, A. F. G. and Howard, M. T., 1986: Dispersal in aphids, a problem in resource allocation. In Danthanarayana, W. (ed.), 1986: Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 145–151.
   Google Scholar
• Downes, J. A., 1969: The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 14: 271–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. S., 1986: Derelicts of dispersal: Arthropod fallout on Pacific Northwest volcanoes. In Danthanarayana, W. (ed.), Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 196–203.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. S., 1987: Arthropods of alpine aeolian ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 32: 163–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow, R. A. and Dowse, J. E., 1984: Method of using kites to carry tow nets in the upper air for sampling migrating insects and its application to radar entomology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 74: 87–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. C., 1961: The flightless beetles of Madeira. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13th series, 4: 33–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gressitt, J. L., 1964: Insects of Campbell Island. Summary. Pacific Insects Monograph, 7: 531–600.
   Google Scholar
• Gressitt, J. L., 1970: Subantarctic entomology and biogeography. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23: 295–374.
   Google Scholar
• Gressitt, J. L. and Yoshimoto, C. M., 1966: Dispersal of animals in the Pacific. Proceedings of the Pacific Science Congress, 10: 283–292.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, W. D. and May, R. M., 1977: Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature, 269: 578–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanski, I., 1985: Single-species spatial dynamics may contribute to long-term rarity and commonness. Ecology, 66: 335–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, A. C. and Milne, P. S., 1938: Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. Experiments in aerial tow-netting from kites. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7: 199–229.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, R. G., 1980: Dispersal polymorphisms in insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11: 95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Heiss, E., 1979: On Aradidae from the Canary Islands, Spain and Morocco (Insecta: Heteroptera). Bericht des Naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 66: 29–46.
   Google Scholar
• Heydemann, B., 1967: Der Überflug von Insekten über Nordund Ostsee nach Untersuchungen auf Feuerschiffen. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, N.F., 14: 185–215.
   Google Scholar
• Holdgate, M. W., 1965: The fauna of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 249: 361–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling, C. S., 1961: Principles of insect predation. Annual Review of Entomology, 6: 163–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, F. G., 1979: Neogeoaeolian habitats on new lava flows on Hawaii Island: An ecosystem supported by windborne debris. Pacific Insects, 20: 133–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffaker, C. B., 1958: Experimental studies on predation: Dispersion and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia, 27: 343–383.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. F. and Pounds, J. A., 1979: Comments on assessing the dedifferentiating effect of gene flow. Systematic Zoology, 28: 78–85.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. G., 1969: Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. London: Methuen. 763 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. G. and Taylor, L. R., 1955: The development of large suction traps for airborne insects. Annals of Applied Biology, 43: 51–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaisila, J., 1952: Insects from arctic mountain snows. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 18: 8–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, M., 1982: Sexual selection and the evolution of female choice. Evolution, 36: 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leston, D., 1957: Spread potential and the colonisation of islands. Systematic Zoology, 6: 41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, S. A., 1976: Population dynamic models in heterogeneous environments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 7: 287–310.
   Google Scholar
• Lindroth, C. H., Andersson, H., Bodvarsson, H., and Richter, S. H., 1973: Surtsey, Iceland. The development of a new fauna, 1963–1970. Terrestrial invertebrates. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum 5. 290 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lomnicki, A., 1980: Regulation of population density due to individual differences and patchy environment. Oikos, 35: 185–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Arthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O., 1967: The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 203 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, M. S., 1962: Introduction to High Altitude Entomology. Insect Life above the Timber-line in the North-West Himalaya. London: Methuen. 302 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, D. H., Edwards, J. S., and Gara, R. I., 1980: Diel activity patterns in snowfield foraging invertebrates on Mount Rainier, Washington. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12: 359–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto Nafría, J. M., Mier Durante, M. P., and Carnero Hernandez, A., 1977: Estudios afidológicos de las Islas Canarias y de la Macaronesia. Salamanca: Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Aula de Cultura. 91 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Papp, R. P., 1978: A nival aeolian ecosystem in California. Arctic and Alpine Research, 10: 117–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp, R. P. and Johnson, J. B., 1979: Origins of psyllid fallout in the central Sierra Nevada of California (Homoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 55: 95–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedgley, D. E., 1982: Windborne Pests and Diseases. New York: John Wiley. 250 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Roff, D. A., 1975: Population stability and the evolution of dispersal in a heterogeneous environment. Oecologia, 19: 217–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roff, D. A., 1986: The evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Evolution, 40: 1009–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, M. J. P., 1970: Effects of population density on alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop. I, II and III. Annals of Applied Biology, 65: 191–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simony, O., 1890: Ueber eine naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach der westlichen Gruppe der Canarischen Inseln. Mitteilungen der K. K. Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 3: 145–176; 4: 209–231.
   Google Scholar
• Southwood, T. R. E., 1960: The flight activity of Heteroptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 112: 173–220.
   Google Scholar
• Southwood, T. R. E., 1962: Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat. Biological Reviews, 37: 171–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwood, T. R. E., 1977: Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? Journal of Animal Ecology, 46: 337–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalding, J. B., 1979: The aeolian ecology of White Mountain Peak, California: Windblown insect fauna. Arctic and Alpine Research, 11: 83–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan, L. W., 1963: Aeolian zone. Science, 140: 77–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swingland, I. R. and Greenwood, P. J. (eds.), 1983: The Ecology of Animal Movements. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 311 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. R., 1986: Synoptic dynamics, migration and the Rothamsted insect survey. Journal of Animal Ecology, 55: 1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. A. J. and Taylor, L. R., 1979: A behavioural model for the evolution of spatial dynamics. In Anderson, R. M., Turner, B. D., and Taylor, L. R. (eds.), Population Dynamics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, V. R., 1981: The adaptive and evolutionary significance of wing polymorphism and parthenogenesis in Ptinella Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae). Ecological Entomology, 6: 89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorarinsson, K., 1986: Population density and movement: A critique of delta-models. Oikos, 46: 70–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waloff, N., 1983: Absence of wing polymorphism in the arboreal, phytophagous species of some taxa of temperate Hemiptera: An hypothesis. Ecological Entomology, 8: 229–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. B., 1958: Insect Migration. London: Collins. 237 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, M., 1981: Island Populations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 286 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, W. W., Sparks, A. N., Pair, S. D., Westbrook, J. K., and Truesdale, F. M., 1986: Radar observations and collections of insects in the Gulf of Mexico. In Danthanarayana, W. (ed.), Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 221–234.
   Google Scholar
• Young, E. C., 1961: Degeneration of flight-musculature in the Corixidae and Notonectidae. Nature, 189: 328–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zera, A. J., 1984: Differences in survivorship, development rate and fertility between the longwinged and wingless morphs of the waterstrider, Limnoporus canaliculatus. Evolution, 38: 1023–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, E. C., 1970: Adaptive radiation in Hawaii with special reference to insects. Biotropica, 2: 32–38.
   Google Scholar
• zur Strassen, R., 1986: Personal communication. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, West Germany.
   Google Scholar