Late Pleistocene Glaciers and the Climate of Western Montana, U.S.A.

REFERENCES CITED

• Alden, W. C., 1953: Physiography and glacial geology of western Montana. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 231. 200 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Alford, D. and Clark, R., 1968: The 1967 mass balance of the Grasshopper Glacier, Montana. Northwest Science, 42: 115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. T., 1975: Glacial Systems. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. 191 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. T. and Miller, G. H., 1972: Quaternary history of northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada: Part IV: Maps of the present glaciation limits and lowest equilibrium line altitude for north and south Baffin Island. Arctic and Alpine Research, 4: 45–60.
   Google Scholar
• Atwood, W. W. and Mather, K. F., 1932: Physiography and Quaternary geology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 166. 176 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, R. G., 1983: Late Pleistocene climatology. In Porter, S. C. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 390–407.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J., 1976: Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate (3rd ed.). London: Methuen. 432 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. S., 1985: Quaternary Paleoclimatology: Methods of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction. Boston: Allen and Unwin. 472 pp.
   Google Scholar
• CLIMAP Project Members, 1981: Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Map and Chart Series MC-36, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Colton, R. B., Lemke, R. W., and Linvall, R. M., 1961: Glacial map of Montana east of the Rocky Mountains. U.S. Geological Survey, Map MI-327.
   Google Scholar
• Dightman, R. A., 1967: Historical and Climatological Study of the Grinnell Glacier, Montana. Western Region Technical Memorandum 24, Salt Lake City: U.S. Department of Commerce. 26 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Flint, R. F., 1971: Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York: Wiley. 892 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Haeberli, W. and Penz, U., 1985: An attempt to reconstruct glaciological and climatological characteristics of 18 ka ice age glaciers in and around the Swiss Alps. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 21: 351–361.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, F. F., 1985: Equilibrium-line altitudes and paleo environment in the Merchants Bay area, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. Journal of Glaciology, 31(109): 205–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humlum, O., 1985: The glaciation level in west Greenland. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 311–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzbach, J. E. and Wright, H. E., Jr., 1985: Simulation of the climate of 18,000 years BP: Results for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector and comparison with the geologic record of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 4: 147–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, E. M., 1984: Late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitudes and modern snow accumulation patterns, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 16: 65–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, E. M., Huston, M. M., and Manley, A. E., 1986: Ice dynamics modelling of Rocky Mountain paleoglaciers—Methods, results, and paleoclimatic inferences. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 18: 671.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, W. W., 1989: Present climate and glaciation of western Montana, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 21: 234–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, W. W., in press: Quantitative approximation of present and former mountain glacial climates. Annals of Glaciology, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Loewe, F., 1971: Considerations on the origin of the Quaternary ice sheet of North America. Arctic and Alpine Research, 3: 331–344.
   Google Scholar
• Mears, B., Jr., 1981: Periglacial wedges and the late Pleistocene environment of Wyoming's intermontane basins. Quaternary Research, 15: 319–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, M. F., 1961: Distribution and variations of glaciers in the United States exclusive of Alaska. In: General Assembly of Helsinki, July 25-August 6, 1960, Snow and Ice Commission, International Association for Scientific Hydrology, Publication 54, 420–429.
   Google Scholar
• Meierding, T. C., 1982: Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: A comparison of methods. Quaternary Research, 18: 289–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickelson, D. M., Clayton, L., Fullerton, D. S., and Borns, H. W., Jr., 1983: The late Wisconsin glacial record of the Laurentide ice sheet in the United States. In Porter, S. C. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3–37.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. H., Bradley, R. S., and Andrews, J. T., 1975: The glaciation level and lowest equilibrium line altitude in the high Canadian Arctic: Maps and climatic interpretation. Arctic and Alpine Research, 7: 155–168.
   Google Scholar
• Montagne, J., 1972: Wisconsin glaciation. In: Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region. Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 257–260.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, D. R., in preparation: Late Pleistocene glacier dynamics of southwestern Montana and adjacent Idaho and paleoclimatic implications. M.S. thesis, Montana State University.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, D. R. and Locke, W. W., in press: Dynamics of the late Pleistocene Big Timber glacier, Crazy Mountains, Montana, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology.
   Google Scholar
• Østrem, G., 1966: The height of the glaciation limit in southern British Columbia and Alberta. Geografiska Annaler, 48A: 126–138.
   Google Scholar
• Pardee, J. T., 1942: Unusual currents in glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 53: 1569–1600.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, G. M., Webb, T., III, Kutzbach, J. E., van der Hammen, T., Wijmstra, T., and Street, F. A., 1979: The continental record of environmental conditions at 18,000 years B.P.: An initial evaluation. Quaternary Research, 12: 47–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péwé, T. L., 1983: The periglacial environment in North America during Wisconsin time. In Porter, S. C. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 157–189.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, K. L., 1979: History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 729-F. 90 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, S. C., 1977: Present and past glaciation threshold in the Cascade Range, Washington, U.S.A.: Topographic and climatic controls, and paleoclimatic implications. Journal of Glaciology, 18(78): 101–116.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, S. C., Pierce, K. L., and Hamilton, T. D., 1983: Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the western United States. In Porter, S. C. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 71–111.
   Google Scholar
• Price, L. W., 1981: Mountains & Man. Berkeley: University of California Press. 506 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, G. M., 1965: Glaciation of the Rocky Mountains. In Wright, H. E. and Frey, D. G. (eds.), The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Conservation Service, 1988: Montana Annual Data Summary: Water Year 1987. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 42 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, D. G., 1984: Modern glacier characteristics as a basis for inferring former climates with particular reference to the Loch Lomond Stadial. Quaternary Science Reviews, 3: 291–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. F. and Ashley, J. A., undated: Geological Map of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Bozeman: Montana State University, Department of Earth Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Waitt, R. B., Jr. and Thorson, R. M., 1983: The Cordilleran ice sheet in Washington, Idaho, and Montana. In Porter, S. C. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 53–70.
   Google Scholar
• Zielinski, G. A. and McCoy, W. D., 1987: Paleoclimatic implications of the relationship between modern snowpack and late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitudes in the mountains of the Great Basin, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 19: 127–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick, T. T., 1980: A comparison between the modern and composite Pleistocene snowlines, Absaroka and Beartooth mountains, Montana-Wyoming. Journal of Glaciology, 25(92): 347–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar