209
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of Flowering Time and Temperature on Growth and Reproduction in Leontodon autumnalis var. taraxaci, a Late-flowering Alpine Plant

Pages 285-290 | Published online: 03 May 2018

References Cited

  • Aune, B., 1993a: Air Temperature Normals, Normal Period 1961–1990. Oslo: The Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  • Aune, B., 1993b: Precipitation Normals, Normal Period 1961–1990. Oslo: The Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  • Bergman, P., Molau, U., and Holmgren, B., 1996: Micrometeorological impacts on insect activity and plant reproductive success in an alpine environment, Swedish Lapland. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28: 196–202.
  • Billings, W. D., 1987: Constraints to plant growth, reproduction, and establishment in arctic environments. Arctic and Alpine Research, 19: 357–365.
  • Billings, W. D. and Mooney, H. A., 1968: The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. Biological Review, 43: 481–529.
  • Bliss, L. C., 1971: Arctic and alpine plant life cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2: 405–438.
  • Callaghan, T. V. and Emanuelsson, U., 1985: Population structure and processes of tundra plants and vegetation. In White, J. (ed.), The Population Structure of Vegetation. Dordrecht: Junk, 399–439.
  • Carlsson, B. Å. and Callaghan, T. V., 1994: Impact of climate change factors on the clonal sedge Carex bigelowii: implications for population growth and vegetative spread. Ecography, 17: 321–330.
  • Corbet, S. A., 1990: Pollination and the weather. Israel Journal of Botany, 39: 13–30.
  • English-Loeb, G. M. and Karban, R., 1992: Consequences of variation in flowering phenology for seed head herbivory and reproductive success in Erigeron glaucus (Compositae). Oecologia, 89: 588–595.
  • Evans, E. W., Smith, C. C., and Gendron, R. P., 1989: Timing of reproduction in a prairie legume: seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds. Oecologia, 78: 220–230.
  • Finch, R. A., 1967: Natural chromosome variation in Leontodon. Heredity, 22: 359–386.
  • Frankie, G. W., Baker, H. G., and Opler, P. A., 1974: Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology, 62: 881–913.
  • Galen, C. and Stanton, M. L., 1991: Consequences of emergence phenology for reproductive success in Ranunculus adoneus (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany, 78: 978–988.
  • Galen, C. and Stanton, M. L., 1993: Short-term responses of alpine buttercups to experimental manipulations of growing season length. Ecology, 74: 1052–1058.
  • Harte, J. and Shaw, R., 1995: Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation: results of a climate-warming experiment. Science, 267: 876–880.
  • Havström, M., Callaghan, T. V., and Jonasson, S., 1993: Differential growth response of Cassiope tetragona, an arctic dwarfshrub, to environmental perturbations among three contrasting high- and subarctic sites. Oikos, 66: 389–402.
  • Holway, J. G. and Ward, R. T., 1965: Phenology of alpine plants in northern Colorado. Ecology, 46: 73–83.
  • Houghton, J. T., et al., 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Workshop Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 572 pp.
  • Janzen, D. H., 1967: Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution, 21: 620–637.
  • Johnson, S. D., 1992: Climatic and phylogenetic determinants of flowering seasonality in the Cape flora. Journal of Ecology, 81: 567–572.
  • Kochmer, J. P. and Handel S. N., 1986: Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecological Monographs, 56: 303–335.
  • Kudo, G., 1991: Effects of snow-free period on the phenology of alpine plants inhabiting snow patches. Arctic and Alpine Research, 23: 436–443.
  • Kudo, G., 1995: Ecological significance of flower heliotropism in the spring ephemeral Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae). Oikos, 72: 14–20.
  • Lid, J. and Lid, D. T., 1994: Norsk Flora. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. 1014 pp.
  • Marion, G. M., 1996: Temperature enhancement experiments. In Molau, U. (ed.), ITEX Manual. International Tundra Experiment. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center, 14–19.
  • Marquis, R. J., 1988: Phenological variation in the neotropical understory shrub Piper arelianum: causes and consequences. Ecology, 69: 1552–1565.
  • Molau, U., 1993: Relationship between flowering phenology and life history strategies in tundra plants. Arctic and Alpine Research, 25: 391–402.
  • Molau, U., Eriksen, B., and Knudsen, J. T., 1989: Predispersal seed predation in Bartsia alpina. Oecologia, 81: 181–185.
  • Mosquin, T., 1971: Competition for pollinators as a stimulus for the evolution of flowering time. Oikos, 22: 398–402.
  • Ollerton, J. and Lack, A. J., 1992: Flowering phenology: an example of relaxation of natural selection? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 274–276.
  • Parsons, A. N., Welker, J. M., Wookey, P. A., Press, M. C., Callaghan, T. V., and Lee, J. A., 1994: Growth response of four sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs to simulated environmental change. Journal of Ecology, 82: 307–318.
  • Primack, R. B., 1985: Patterns of flowering phenology in communities, populations, individuals, and single flowers. In White, J. (ed.), The Population Structure of Vegetation. Dordrecht: Junk, 571–592.
  • Rathcke, B., 1983: Competition and facilitation among plants for pollination. In Real, L. (ed.), Pollination Biology. Orlando: Academic Press, 305–329.
  • Rathcke, B. and Lacey, E. P., 1985: Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16: 179–214.
  • Spira, T. P. and Pollack, O. D., 1986: Comparative reproductive biology of alpine biennial and perennial gentians (Gentiana: Gentianaceae) in California. American Journal of Botany, 73: 39–47.
  • Stenström, M. and Molau, U., 1992: Reproductive ecology of Saxifraga oppositifolia: phenology, mating system, and reproductive success. Arctic and Alpine Research, 24: 337–343.
  • SYSTAT for Windows., 1992: Statistics, version 5 edition. Evanston, Illinois.
  • Tepedino, V. J. and Stanton, N. L., 1981: Diversity and competition in bee-pollinated communities on short grass prairie. Oikos, 36: 35–44.
  • Totland, Ø., 1993: Pollination in alpine Norway: flowering phenology, insect visitors, and visitation rates in two plant communities. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71: 1072–1079.
  • Totland, Ø., 1994a: Intraseasonal variation in pollination intensity and seed set in an alpine population of Ranunculus acris in southwestern Norway. Ecography, 17: 159–165.
  • Totland, Ø., 1994b: Influence of climate, time of day and season, and flower density on insect flower visitation in alpine Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research, 26: 66–71.
  • Van Herpen, M. M. A., 1986: Biochemical alteration in the sexual partners resulting from environmental conditions before pollination regulates processes after pollination. In Mulcahy, D. L., Mulcahy, G. B., and Ottaviano, E. (eds.), Biotechnology and Ecology of Pollen. New York: Springer-Verlag, 131–135.
  • Waser, N. M., 1979: Pollinator availability as a determinant of flowering time in Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Oecologia, 39: 107–121.
  • Waser, N. M., 1983: Competition for pollination and floral character differences among sympatric plant species: a review of evidence. In Jones, C. E. and Little, R. J. (eds.), Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 277–293.
  • Wookey, P. A., Parsons, A. N., Welker, J. M., Potter, J. A., Callaghan, T. V., Lee, J. A., and Press, M. C., 1993: Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental change in sub-arctic and high arctic plants. Oikos, 67: 490–502.
  • Wookey, P. A., Welker, J. M., Parsons, A. N., Press, M. C., Callaghan, T. V., and Lee, J. A., 1994: Differential growth, allocation and photosynthetic responses of Polygonum viviparum to simulated environmental change at a high arctic polar semi-desert. Oikos, 70: 131–139.
  • Wookey, P. A., Robinson, C. H., Parsons, A. N., Welker, J. M., Press, M. C., Callaghan, T. V., and Lee, J. A., 1995: Environmental constraints on the growth, photosynthesis and reproductive development of Dryas octopetala at a high arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard. Oecologia, 102: 478–489.
  • Zimmerman, M., 1988: Nectar production, flowering phenology, and strategies for pollination. In Lovett Doust, J. and Lovett Doust, L. (eds.), Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 157–178.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.