Glacier Regimes, Periglacial Landforms, and Holocene Climate Change in the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, U.S.A.

References Cited

• Ager, T. A., 1983: Holocene vegetational history of Alaska. In Wright, H. E., Jr. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States. Vol. 2. The Holocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 128–141.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlman, H. W., 1935: Contribution to the physics of glaciers. Geophysical Journal, 86: 97–113.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. M., 1995a: Pollen results from North Killeak Lake: a final report to the National Park Service (unpublished).
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. M., 1995b: North Killeak Lake: late Quaternary climate and vegetation of northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, abstract 25. In PALE Research Meeting Abstracts, second annual meeting, 4-6 February, 1995, Park Forest, Eatonville, Washington, University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Begét, J., 1994: Tephrochronology, lichenometry and radiocarbon dating at Gulkana Glacier, central Alaska Range, USA. The Holocene, 4: 307–313.
   Google Scholar
• Behre, C. H., 1933: Talus behavior above timber line in the Rocky Mountains. Journal of Geology, 41: 622–635.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B., 1988: Techniques in lichenometry: identifying the yellow Rhizocarpons. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20: 285–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beschel, R. E., 1961: Dating rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciology and physiography (lichenometry). In Raasch, G. O. (ed.), Geology of the Arctic. Vol. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1044–1062.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., 1993: ‘Little Ice Age’ summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene, 3: 367–376.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, A. H., 1901: A reconnaissance of the Cape Nome and adjacent goldfields of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, in 1901. In Brooks, A. H., Richardson, G. B., Collier, A. J., and Mendenhall, W. C., Reconnaissance in the Cape Nome and Norton Bay Regions, Alaska, in 1901. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Government Printing Office: 1–180.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, L. B., Garfinkel, H. L., and Edwards, M. E., 1983: A Late-Wisconsin and Holocene vegetation history from the central Brooks Range: implications for Alaska palaeoecology. Quaternary Research, 20: 194–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E., 1988: Holocene glaciation of Alaska (and adjoining Yukon Territory, Canada). Quaternary Science Reviews, 7: 159–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E. and Ellis, J. M., 1980: A lichenometric dating curve and its application to Holocene glacier studies in the central Brooks Range, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12: 245–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E. and Ellis, J. M., 1984: Development and application of a lichenometric dating curve, Brooks Range, Alaska. In Mahaney, W. C., (ed.), Quaternary Dating Methods. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 227–246.
   Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E., Ellis, J. M., Haworth, L. W., and Burns, P. E., 1985: Cirque glacier regime and Neoglaciation, Brooks Range, Alaska. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 21: 371–378.
   Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E., Haworth, L. A. and Ellis, J. M., 1987: Distribution and activity of rock glaciers, central Brooks Range, Alaska. In Giardino, J. R., Shroder, J. F., and Vitek, J. D. (eds.), Rock Glaciers. Winchester, Mass: Allen and Unwin, 65–82.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, L. D., 1981a: A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plains. Science, 211: 381–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, L. D., 1981b: Middle Wisconsinan through Holocene climate in the Ikpikpuk River region, Alaska. Arctic Workshop Proceedings, 10th Annual, Boulder, Colorado. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, F. B. and Marcus, M. G., 1988: Two-year mass balance of West Gulkana Glacier, Alaska. In Marcus, M. G. and Reynolds, W. J. (eds.), Glacier and Climate Studies, West Gulkana Glacier and Environs, Alaska. Tempe, Arizona, Arizona State University, Department of Geography Publication Ser. 4: 27–34.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, F. B., Marcus, M. G., and Thompson, L. S., 1991: Mass balance of West Gulkana Glacier. Geographical Review, 81: 70–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. H., Steig, E. J., Potter, N. Jr., Fitzpatrick, J., Updike, A. B., and Clark, G. M., 1996: Old ice in rock glaciers may provide long-term climate records. Eos, 77: 217–222.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, S. O. and Nesje, A., 1992: Paleoclimatic implications based on equilibrium-line altitude depressions of reconstructed Younger Dryas and Holocene cirque glaciers in inner Nordfjord, western Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 94: 87–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton, G. H. and Karlén, W., 1973: Lichenometry: its application to Holocene moraine studies in southern Alaska and Swedish Lapland. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5: 347–372.
   Google Scholar
• Denton, G. H. and Karlén, W., 1977: Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory. Quaternary Research, 7: 63–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, S. A., Short, S. K., Nelson, C. H., and Birks, H. N., 1996: Life and times of the Bering land bridge. Nature, 382: 60–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, A. B., Megeath, J. D., and Pierce, K. L., 1984: Probability of moraine survival in a succession of glacial advances. Geology, 12: 327–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove, J. M., 1988: The Little Ice Age. New York: Methuen. 498 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T. D., 1981: Episodic Holocene alluviation in the central Brooks Range—chronology, correlations, and climatic implications. In Albert, N. R. D. and Hudson, T. (eds.), United States Geological Survey in Alaska—Accomplishments during 1979. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 823-B: B21–B24.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T. D., 1982: A late Pleistocene glacial chronology of the southern Brooks Range—stratigraphic record and regional significance. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93: 700–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T. D., 1986: Glaciation of the Brooks Range. In Hamilton, T. D., Reed, K. M., and Thorson, R. M., Glaciation in Alaska: The Geologic Record. Anchorage: Alaska Geological Society, 9–49.
   Google Scholar
• Haworth, L. A., 1992: Holocene glacial chronologies of the Brooks Range, Alaska and their relationship to climate change. Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo. 260 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Henshaw, F. F. and Parker, G. L., 1913: Surface water supply of Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 314. 317 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. M., 1959: Some characteristics of the climate in forest and tundra regions in Alaska. Arctic, 12: 215–220.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. M. and Sigafoos, R. S., 1951: Frost action and vegetation patterns on Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 974-C: 51–101.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. M., Karlstrom, T. N. V., and others, 1955: Permafrost and ground water in Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 264-F. 146 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. M., MacNeil, F. S., and Leopold, E. B., 1960: The coastal plain at Nome, Alaska: a late Cenozoic type section for the Bering Strait region. International Geological Congress, 21st, Copenhagen 1960 Proceedings, pt. 4: 46–57.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T., Meira Filo, L. G., Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., (eds.), 1996: Climatic Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 572 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, J. L., 1982: Lichenometric use of an aggregated Rhizocarpon ‘species’. Boreas, 11: 53–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, G. C. and D'Arrigo, R., 1989: Reconstructed northern hemisphere annual temperatures since 1671 based on high latitude tree-ring data from North America. Climatic Change, 14: 39–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlén, W., 1973: Holocene glacier and climatic variation, Kebnekaise Mountains, Swedish Lapland. Geografiska Annaler, 55: 29–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, D. S. and Hopkins, D. M., 1986: Glacial history of the Seward Peninsula. In Hamilton, T. D., Reed, K. M., and Thorson, R. M., (eds), Glaciation in Alaska—The Geologic Record. Anchorage: Alaska Geological Society, 51–78.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, D. S., Calkin, P. E., Whitford, W. B., Przybyl, B. J., Hopkins, D. M., Peck, B. J., and Nelson, R. E., 1989: Surficial geologic map of the Kigluaik Mountains area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, MF 2074, 1: 63,360.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, D. S., Walter, R. C., Brigham-Grette, J., and Hopkins, D. M., 1991: Middel Pleistocene age of the Nome River glaciation, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research, 36: 277–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letréguilly, A., 1988: Relation between the mass balance of western Canadian mountain glaciers and meteorological data. Journal of Glaciology, 34(116): 11–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock[e], W. W., Andrews, J. T., and Webber, P. J., 1979: A manual for lichenometry. British Geomorphological Research Group Technical Bulletin, 26. 47 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mayo, L. R. and March, R. S., 1990: Air temperature and precipitation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska: glacier growth in a warmer wetter climate. Annals of Glaciology, 12: 191–194.
   Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., 1975: Glaciers of the Kigluaik Mountains. In Field, W. O. (ed.), Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. Vol. 2. Hanover, New Hampshire: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 668–669.
   Google Scholar
• Meierding, T. C., 1982: Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line altitudes in the Colorado Front Range—a comparison of methods. Quaternary Research, 18: 289–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffit, F. Y., 1913: Geology of the Nome and Grand Central quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 533. 32 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E., Hinkel, K. M., and Outcalt, S. I., 1992: Palsa-scale frost mounds. In Dison, J. C. and Abrahams, A. D., (eds.), Periglacial Geomorphology. Chichester, England: Wiley, 305–325.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. E. and Hopkins, D. M., 1985: Personal communication. Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, and Department of Geology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, W. S. B., 1994: The Physics of Glaciers. 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 480 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, B., 1993: Relative age dating and morphometry of moraines and cirques in the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. M.A. thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo. 284 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, B. J., Kaufman, D. S., and Calkin, P. E., 1990: Relative dating of moraines using moraine morphometric and boulder weathering criteria: Kigluaik Mountains, Alaska. Boreas, 19: 227–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péwé, T. L., 1975: Quaternary geology of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 835. 145 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Péwé, T. L and Reger, R. D., 1972: Modern and Wisconsinan snowlines in Alaska. International Geological Congress, Proceedings, 24th Montreal, 1972, 187–197.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, S. C., 1986: Pattern and forcing of northern hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium. Quaternary Research, 26: 27–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybyl, B. J., 1988: The regimen of Grand Union glacier and the glacial geology of the northeastern Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula. M.S. thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo. 109 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rabus, B., Echelmeyer, K., Trabant, D., and Benson, C., 1995: Recent changes of McCall Glacier, Alaska. Annals of Glaciology, 21: 231–299.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. C., 1982: The modern and late-Quaternary vegetation of the Doll Creek area, northern Yukon, Canada. New Phytologist, 90: 563–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. C., 1984: Past and Present Vegetation of the Far Northwest of Canada. Toronto: Univesity of Toronto Press. 251 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ruffner, J. A. and Bair, F. E. (eds.), 1987: Weather of U.S. Cities. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 92–95.
   Google Scholar
• Shakesby, R. A., Matthews, J. H. and McCarroll, D., 1995: Pronival (“Protalus”) ramparts in the Romsdalsalpane, Southern Norway: forms, terms, subnival processes, and alternative mechanisms of formation. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 271–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Brink, N. W., 1983: Glaciation of the northern Alaska Range. In Thorson, R. M. and Hamilton, T. D. (eds.), Glaciation in Alaska—Extended Abstracts from a Workshop. Fairbanks, University of Alaska Museum Occassional Paper, 2: 82–90.
   Google Scholar
• Thurston, S. P., 1985: Structure, petrology, and metamorphic history of the Nome Group blueschist terrane, Salmon Lake area, Seward Peninsula. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96: 600–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Till, A. B., Dumoulin, J. A., Gamble, B. M., Kaufman, D. S., and Carroll, P. I., 1986: Preliminary geologic map and fossil data from Solomon, Bendeleben, and southern Kotzebue quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 86-276. 36 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Vitek, J. D. and Giardino, J. R., 1987: Rock glaciers: a review of the knowledge base. In Giardino, J. R., Shroder, J. F., and Vitek, J. D. (eds.), Rock Glaciers. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Wahrhaftig, C. and Cox, A., 1959: Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 70: 383–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburn, A. L., 1973: Periglacial Processes and Environments. New York: St. Martin's Press. 320 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Washburn, A. L., 1980a: Geocryology: A Survey of Periglacial Processes and Environments. New York: Halsted Press. 406 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Washburn, A. L., 1980b: Permafrost features as evidence of climatic change: Earth Science Reviews, 15: 327–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, C. E., 1974: The climate in Alaska. In van der Eeden, F. and Troise, F. L. (eds.), Climates of the States—Western States. Vol. 2. Port Washington, N.Y.: Water Information Center, 481–500.
   Google Scholar
• Whitford, W. B., 1992: A Survey of Periglacial and Glacial Landforms, Kigluaik Mountains Area, Alaska: M.A. thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo. 111 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Yamal, B., 1984: Relationship between synoptic-scale atmosphere circulation and glacier mass balance in southwestern Canada during the International Hydrological Decade, 1965-75. Journal of Glaciology, 30(105): 188–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar