Crafting Legitimate Identities: Promotional Strategies in the Ontario Non-Elite Private School Sector

REFERENCES

• Allison, D. J. (2015a). Expanding choice in Ontario public schools. Barbara Mitchell Centre for Improvement in Education. Vancouver, BC. Retrieved from https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/expanding-choice-in-ontarios-public-schools
   Google Scholar
• Allison, D. J. (2015b). School choice in Canada: Diversity along the wild–domesticated continuum. Journal of School Choice: International Research and Reform, 9(2), 282–309.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, D. J., Hasan, S. & Van Pelt, D. (2016). A diverse landscape: independent schools in Canada. Barbara Mitchell Centre for Improvement in Education. Vancouver, BC. Retrieved from https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/a-diverse-landscape-independent-schools-in-canada.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Arendell, T. (2001). The new care work of middle class mothers: Managing childrearing, employment and time. In K. Daly (Ed.), Minding the time in family experience: Emerging perspectives and issues (vol. 3, pp. 163–204). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Ashbourne, D., & Andres, L. (2015). Athletics, music, languages, and leadership: How parents influence the extracurricular activities of their children. Canadian Journal of Education, 38(2), 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Aurini, J., & Davies, S. (2005). Choice without markets: Homeschooling in the context of private education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26, 461–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurini, J., & Quirke, L. (2011). Does market competition encourage strategic action in the private education sector. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 36(2), 173–197.
   Google Scholar
• Babbie, E. R. (2013). The basics of social research. (6th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J. (2014). No Ivies, Oxbridge, or Grandes Écoles: Constructing Distinctions in University Choice. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 35(6), 914–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruch, Y. (2006). On logos, business cards: The case of UK universities. In Rafaeli, A. & Pratt, M. (Eds.) Artifacts and organizations: Beyond mere symbolism (pp. 181–98). London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, L. A. (1991). Content analysis. In B. Montgomery & S. Duck (Eds.), Studying interpersonal interaction (pp. 239–254). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, C. (2009). All choices created equal? The role of choice sets in the selection of schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 84(2), 191–208.
   Google Scholar
• Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bosetti, L., Van Pelt, D., & Allison, D. (2017). The changing landscape of school choice in Canada: From pluralism to parental preference? Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25(38), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, G. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brint, S, & Karabel, J. (1991). The diverted dream: Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900–1985. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caputo, V. (2007). She's from a “good family”: Performing childhood and motherhood in a Canadian private school setting. Childhood, 14(2), 173–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, G., & A. Swaminathan. (2000). Why the microbrewery movement? Organizational dynamics of resource partitioning in the U.S. brewing industry. American Journal of Sociology, 106(3), 715–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carville, O. (2015). Ontario under fire over lack of oversight for private schools. Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/yourtoronto/education/2015/06/25/ontario-under-fire-over-lack-of-oversight-for-private-schools.html.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (2016). Eitz chaim private schools didn't report teacher sexual assault allegations, say police. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/former-elementary-school-teacher-child-sex-assault-charges-1.3469017.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, T., & Phillips, M. (2004). Social reproduction and child-rearing practices: Social class, children's agency, and the summer activity gap. Sociology of Education, 77(3), 185–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, K. (2012). Extensive mothering: Employed mothers' construction of the good mother. Gender and Society, 26(1), 73–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chubb, J. E. & Moe, T. M. (1990). Politics, markets, and the organization of schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cucchiara, M., & Horvat, E. (2014). Choosing selves: The salience of parental identity in the school choice process. Journal of Education Policy, 29(4), 486–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S. (2004). School choice by default? Understanding the demand for private tutoring in Canada. American Journal of Education, 110(3), 233–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S., & Aurini, J. (2011). Exploring school choice in Canada: Who chooses what and why? Canadian Public Policy, 37, 459–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S., & Hammack, F. M. (2005). The channeling of student competition in higher education: Comparing Canada and the US. Journal of Higher Education, 76(1), 89–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S. & Pizarro Milian, R. (2015, June 3). The varying effects of market forces in education: A view from Toronto private schools. Presentation to the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, S. & Quirke, L. (2005). Providing for the priceless student: Ideologies of choice in an emerging educational market. American Journal of Education, 111(4): 523–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S. & Quirke, L. (2006). “Innovation in educational markets: An organizational analysis of third sector private schools in Toronto. In Hallinan, M. (ed.). School sector and student outcomes (pp. 39–71). Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, S. & Quirke, L. (2007). The impact of sector on school organizations: Institutional and market logics. Sociology of Education, 80(1), 66–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S., Quirke, L., & Aurini, J. (2006). The new institutionalism goes to the market: Comparing the logics of private schooling, tutoring and homeschooling. In H. Meyer & B. Rowan (eds.), The new institutionalism and the study of education (pp. 103–122). Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L. (1999). To be different, or to be the same? It's a question (and theory) of strategic balance. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 147–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerath, P. (2009). Producing success: The culture of personal advancement in an American high school. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 2(48), 147–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMartino, C., & Jessen, S. B. (2016). School brand management the policies, practices, and perceptions of branding and marketing in New York City's public high schools. Urban Education, 51(5), 447–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, C. (2013). Elitism for sale: Promoting the elite school online in the competitive educational marketplace. Australian Journal of Education, 57(2), 174–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G., & Köhler, C. (2002). How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. Bmj, 324(7337), 573–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaztambide-Fernandez, R. (2009). What is an elite boarding school? Review of Educational Research 79(3), 1090–1128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaztambide-Fernandez, R. (2011). Bullshit as resistance: Justifying unearned privilege among students at an elite boarding school. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24(5), 581–86.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Gottschall, K., Wardman, N., Edgeworth, K., Hutchesson, R., & Saltmarsh, S. (2010). Hard lines and soft scenes: Constituting masculinities in the prospectuses of all-boys elite private schools. Australian Journal of Education, 54(1), 18–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Suddaby, R., & Sahlin-Andersson, K. (Eds.). (2008). The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Han, S. K. (1994). Mimetic isomorphism and its effect on the audit services market. Social Forces, 73(2), 637–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, D., & Holloway, D. (2005). University logos and the commoditisation of higher education. In Australia and New Zealand Marketing Academy 2005 Conference: Corporate responsibility (pp. 34–40). Fremantle, Western Australia. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/7950/1/University_logos.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hölscher, C., & Strube, G. (2000). Web search behavior of internet experts and newbies. Computer Networks, 33(1), 337–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holme, J. J. (2002). Buying homes, buying schools: School choice and the social construction of school quality. Harvard Educational Review, 72(2), 177–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoxby, C. M. (2003). School choice and school productivity: Could School choice be a tide that lifts all boats? In The economics of school choice (pp. 287–342). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huerta, L. A. (2009). Institutional v. technical environments: Reconciling the goals of decentralization in an evolving charter school organization. Peabody Journal of Education, 84(2), 244–261.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal, S. (2016). Insights of school head about marketing education services through digital media. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(1), 52–73.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, B., Spink, A. & Saracevic, T. (2000). Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web. Information Processing and Management, 36(2), 207–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbar, H. (2016). Selling schools: Marketing and recruitment strategies in New Orleans. Peabody Journal of Education, 91, 4–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kahane, R. (1988). Multicode organizations: A conceptual framework for the analysis of boarding schools. Sociology of Education, 61(4), 211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil, A., Ryan, R., & Corey, M. (2012). Diverging destinies: Maternal education and the developmental gradient in time with children. Demography, 49(4), 1361–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashti, Y. (1988). Boarding schools and changes in society and culture: Perspectives derived from a comparative case study research. Comparative Education, 23(4), 351–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S. (2011). Privilege: The making of an adolescent elite at St. Paul's school. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kimelberg, S. M., & Billingham, C. M. (2013). Attitudes toward diversity and the school choice process: Middle-class parents in a segregated urban public school district. Urban Education, 48(2), 198–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lamertz, K., Heugens, P. P., & Calmet, L. (2005). The configuration of organizational images among firms in the Canadian beer brewing industry. Journal of Management Studies, 42(4), 817–843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (1987). Social class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cultural capital. Sociology of Education, 60(2), 73–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (2000). Home advantage: Social class and parental intervention in elementary education. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race and family life (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A., Evans, S. A., & Yee, A. (2016). The rules of the game and the uncertain transmission of advantage middle-class parents' search for an urban kindergarten. Sociology of Education, 89(4), 279–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, S. (1980). The rise of American boarding schools and the development of a national upper class. Social Problems, 28(1), 63–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D. C. (2006). The unanticipated explosion: Private higher education's global surge. Comparative Education Review, 50(2), 217–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifschitz, A., Sauder, M., & Stevens, M. L. (2014). Football as a status system in U.S. higher education. Sociology of Education, 87(3), 204–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubienski, C. (2003). Innovation in education markets: Theory and evidence on the impact of competition and choice in charter schools. American Educational Research Journal, 40(2), 395–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubienski, C., & Garn, G. (2010). Evidence and ideology on consumer choices in education markets. Current Issues in Education, 13(3), 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lubienski, C., & Lee, J. (2016). Competitive incentives and the education market: How charter schools define themselves in metropolitan Detroit. Peabody Journal of Education, 91(1), 64–80.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. & Maxwell, M.P. (1995). The reproduction of class in Canada's elite independent schools. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 16(3), 309–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J., & Rowan, B. (1978). The structure of educational organizations. In M. W. Meyer (Ed.), Environments and organizations (pp. 78–109). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persell, C. H., & Cookson, P. W. (1985). Chartering and bartering: Elite education and social reproduction. Social Problems, 33(2), 114–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, P. (1990). Monopoly and competition in American education. In W. H. Clune & J. F. Witte (Eds.), Choice and control in American education (pp. 47–79). New York, NY: Falmer.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. J., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2001). Middle-status conformity: Theoretical restatement and empirical demonstration in two markets1. American Journal of Sociology, 107(2), 379–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. J., Turco, C. J., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2013). Betrayal as market barrier: Identity-based limits to diversification among high-status corporate law firms. American Journal of Sociology, 118(4), 1023–1054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizarro Milian, R. (2016). Modern campuses, local connections and unconventional symbols: Promotional practises in the Canadian community college Sector. Tertiary Education and Management, 22(3), 220–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizarro Milian, R. (2017). What's for sale at Canadian universities? A mixed-methods analysis of promotional strategies. Higher Education Quarterly, 71(1), 53–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizarro Milian, R. (forthcoming). Legitimacy at the margins: Promotional strategies in the Canadian for-profit college sector. Canadian Journal of Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Pizarro Milian, R. & Davies, S. (2017). How market sectors shape education: A view from Toronto. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25(39), 2–22.
   Google Scholar
• Pizarro Milian, R. & Quirke, L. (2017). “Alternative pathways to legitimacy: Promotional practises in the Ontario for-profit college sector. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 27(1), 77–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranger-Moore, J. (1997). Bigger may be better, but is older wiser? Organizational age and size in the New York life insurance industry. American Sociological Review, 62(6): 902–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirke, L. (2006). Keeping young minds sharp: Children's cognitive stimulation and the rise of parenting magazines, 1959-2003. Canadian Review of Sociology, 43(4), 387–406.
   Google Scholar
• Quirke, L. (2009). Legitimacy through alternate means: Schools without professionals in the private sector. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30(5), 619–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirke, L. (2013). Rogue resistance: Sidestepping isomorphic pressures in a patchy institutional field. Organization Studies, 34 (11), 1675–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers' and fathers' time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110(1), 1–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, W. R. (2008). Approaching adulthood: The maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society 37(5), 427–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Tucker, D., & House, R. (1986). Organizational legitimacy and the liability of newness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(2), 171–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyack, D. & Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Pelt, D. A., Allison, P. A., & Allison, D. J. (2007). Ontario's private schools: Who chooses them and why? Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wardman, N., Hutchesson, R., Gottschall, K., Drew, C., & Saltmarsh, S. (2010). Starry eyes and subservient selves: Portraits of ‘well-rounded’ girlhood in the prospectuses of all-girl elite private schools. Australian Journal of Education, 54(3), 249-261.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. (1995) Sensemaking in organisations. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. (1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, A. (2012). School choice and the commodification of education: A visual approach to school brochures and websites. Critical Social Policy, 32(1), 69–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. S., & Carlsen, R. L. (2016). School marketing as a sorting mechanism: A critical discourse analysis of charter school websites. Peabody Journal of Education, 91, 24–46.
   Google Scholar
• Wrigley, J. (1989). Do young children need intellectual stimulation? Experts' advice to parents, 1900–1985. History of Education Quarterly, 29(1), 41–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, E. Y., Fisher, G., Lounsbury, M., & Miller, D. (2017). Optimal distinctiveness: Broadening the interface between institutional theory and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 38(1), 93–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zine, J. (2001). Muslim youth in Canadian schools: Education and the politics of religious identity. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 32(4), 399–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zine, J. (2008). Canadian Islamic schools: Unravelling the Politics of faith, gender, knowledge, and identity. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar