‘Solidarity, Sisters! We’re All Crazy’: The Moral Madness of Opting Out of High-Stakes Testing

References

• Ambrosio, J. (2013). Changing the subject: Neoliberalism and accountability in public education. Educational Studies, 49(4), 316–333. doi:10.1080/00131946.2013.783835
   Google Scholar
• Apple, M. W., & Jungck, S. (1990). ‘You don’t have to be a teacher to teach this unit’: Teaching, technology, and gender in the classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 27(2), 227–251. doi:10.3102/00028312027002227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, W. (2008a). Between education and the economy: High-stakes testing and the contradictory location of the new middle class. Journal of Education Policy, 23(5), 501–513. doi:10.1080/02680930802148941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, W. (2008b). Unequal by design: High-stakes testing and the standardization of inequality. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Au, W. (2016). Meritocracy 2.0: High-stakes, standardized testing as a racial project of neoliberal multiculturalism. Educational Policy, 30(1), 39–62. doi:10.1177/0895904815614916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, P. M. (2018, March 21). Bevin renews spat with Kentucky teachers, saying pension opponents have a ‘thug mentality’. Courier-Journal. Retrieved from https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2018/03/21/kentucky-pension-reform-matt-bevin-teachers-union-thug-mentality/446338002/.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, D. L., & Wilson, S. M. (1996). Integrity in teaching: Recognizing the fusion of the moral and intellectual. American Educational Research Journal, 33(1), 155–192. doi:10.3102/00028312033001155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, S. J. (2013). Foucault, power, and education. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, S. J., & Olmedo, A. (2013). Care of the self, resistance and subjectivity under neoliberal governmentalities. Critical Studies in Education, 54(1), 85–96. doi:10.1080/17508487.2013.740678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer, L. E. (1991). Schooling, moral commitment, and the preparation of teachers. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3), 205–215. doi:10.1177/002248719104200306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C., & Taylor, T. L. (2012). Ethnography and virtual worlds: A handbook of method. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borg, M. O., Plumlee, J. P., & Stranahan, H. A. (2007). Plenty of children left behind: High-stakes testing and graduation rates in Duval County. Educational Policy, 21(5), 695–716. doi:10.1177/0895904806289206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367–409. doi:10.3102/0034654308321455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevetti, M. (2016). Laughing and crying through first year of teaching: Moral education and real-life elementary children. Journal of Thought, 50(1–2), 37–48.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, R. (2015). Teacher identity and agency in an era of accountability. Teachers and Teaching, 21(6), 700–719. doi:10.1080/13540602.2015.1044329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullough, R. V., Jr., & Rosenberg, J. R. (2018). Schooling, democracy, and the quest for wisdom: Partnerships and the moral dimensions of teaching. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, E. (2008). The ethics of teaching as a moral profession. Curriculum Inquiry, 38(4), 357–385. doi:10.1111/j/1467-873X.2008.00414.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C. M. (1990). The teacher and the taught: Moral transactions in the classroom. In J. I. Goodlad, R. Soder, & K. A. Sirotnik (Eds.), The moral dimensions of teaching (pp. 251–266). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran-Smith, M. (2015). A tale of two teachers: Learning to teach over time. LEARNing Landscapes, 8(2), 111–134. Retrieved from https://www.learninglandscapes.ca/index.php/learnland/article/view/A-Tale-of-Two-Teachers-Learning-to-Teach-Over-Time.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran-Smith, M., & Demers, K. (2010). Research and teacher learning: Taking an inquiry stance. In O. Kwo (Ed.), Teachers as learners: Critical discourse on challenges and opportunities (pp. 13–43). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Colnerud, G. (2003). Essay review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(5), 559–561. doi:10.1016/S0742-051X(03)00052-0
   Google Scholar
• Crawford-Garrett, K., Sánchez, R. M., & Tyson, K. (2017). “If I give one more piece, it’s gonna be the end of me”: The trauma of teaching in an era of high-stakes accountability. Critical Education, 8(3), 2–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currin, E., Schroeder, S., & McCardle, T. (2019). What about race?: Internalized dominance in the Opt Out Florida movement. Whiteness and Education, 4(2), 199–217.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, A. H. (2018). Leaving a profession after it’s left you: Teachers’ public resignation letters as resistance amidst neoliberalism. Teachers College Record, 120(9), 1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A. H., Deroo, M., & VanDerHeide, J. (2017). With regret: The genre of teachers’ public resignation letters. Linguistics and Education, 38, 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2017.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A. H., Farver, S., Guenther, A., & Wexler, L. J. (2017). Activism through attrition?: An exploration of viral resignation letters and the teachers who wrote them. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 280–290. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, M. (1994). Working the hyphens: Reinventing the self and other in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 70–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, W. C. (2011). Practicing a professional ethic: Leading for students’ best interests. American Journal of Education, 117(4), 527–562. doi:10.1086/660757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
   Google Scholar
• Glazer, J. (2018). Leaving lessons: Learning from the exit decisions of experienced teachers. Teachers and Teaching, 24(1), 50–62. doi:10.1080/13540602.2017.1383238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldring, E., Mavrogordato, M., & Haynes, K. T. (2015). Multisource principal evaluation data: Principals’ orientations and reactions to teacher feedback regarding their leadership effectiveness. Educational Administration Quarterly, 51(4), 572–599. doi:10.1177/0013161X14556152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodlad, J. I., Soder, R., & Sirotnik, K. (Eds.). (1990). The moral dimensions of teaching. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Hagopian, J. (2014). More than a score: The new uprising against high-stakes testing. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hairston, S. L. (2017, October 9). Promoting white privilege: A look at the Opt Out movement. AJE Forum. Retrieved from http://www.ajeforum.com/promoting-white-privilege-a-look-at-the-opt-out-movement-by-sarah-l-hairston/.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D. T. (1993). From role to person: The moral layeredness of classroom teaching. American Educational Research Journal, 30(4), 651–674. doi:10.2307/1163199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2006). Sustainable leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as creative destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), 21–44. doi:10.1177/0002716206296780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht, Y. (2010). Democratic education: A beginning of a story. Israel: Developing a Culture of Innovation Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand, J. (2018, October 7). Long Island is state’s opt-out stronghold. Newsday. Retrieved from https://www.newsday.com/long-island/education/long-island-is-state-s-opt-out-stronghold-1.21548713.
   Google Scholar
• Hursh, D. (2007). Assessing No Child Left Behind and the rise of neoliberal education policies. American Educational Research Journal, 44(3), 493–518. doi:10.3102/0002831207306764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, P. W., Boostrom, R. E., & Hansen, D. T. (1993). The moral life of schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Knoester, M., & Au, W. (2017). Standardized testing and school segregation: Like tinder for fire? Race Ethnicity and Education, 20(1), 1–14. doi:10.1080/13613324.2015.1121474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkmaz, H. E., & Erden, M. (2014). A Delphi study: The characteristic of democratic schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(5), 365–373. doi:10.1080/00220671.2013.823365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumashiro, K. K. (2010). Seeing the bigger picture: Troubling movements to end teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 56–65. doi:10.1177/0022487109347318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakes, R. D., & Carter, P. A. (2011). Neoliberalism and education: An introduction. Educational Studies, 47(2), 107–110. doi:10.1080/00131946.2011.556387
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, M. (2015). Moral injury and the ethics of educational injustice. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 203–228. doi:10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madison, S. (2012). Critical ethnography: Method, ethics, and performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly, K. (2015, May 20). Why the Opt Out movement won’t fix testing. Education Week Teacher. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/teaching_ahead/2015/05/opting-out-is-a-passive-approach-to-testing.html.
   Google Scholar
• McCardle, T., Currin, E., & Schroeder, S. (2018). From the pick-up line to the picket line: Opt Out’s love-hate relationship with public school. In S. Jones & E. Sheffield (Eds.), Why kids love (and hate) school: Reflections on practice. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, B. (2013, November 20). Suck it up, soccer moms: Arne Duncan is right over Common Core. New York Post. Retrieved from https://nypost.com/2013/11/20/suck-it-up-soccer-moms/.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, D., Mann, B., & Hlavacik, M. (2016). Opting out: Parents creating contested spaces to challenge standardized tests. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 24, 31–20. doi:10.14507/epaa.24.2142
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, H. (2016). Relying on high-stakes standardized tests to evaluate schools and teachers: A bad idea. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 89(2), 67–72. doi:10.1080/00098655.2016.1156628
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. P. (1987). Women and moral madness. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary, 13(1), 201–226.
   Google Scholar
• Murthy, D. (2008). Digital ethnography: An examination of the use of new technologies for social research. Sociology, 42(5), 837–855.
   Google Scholar
• Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noddings, N. (2009). Responsibility. LEARNing Landscapes, 2(2), 17–22. Retrieved from https://learninglandscapes.ca/index.php/learnland/article/view/Responsibility.
   Google Scholar
• O’Flynn, K. (2009, June 24). Russia’s new standardized exams fail the public test. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/Russias_New_Standardized_Exams_Fail_The_Public_Test/1761799.html.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, B., & Sexton, D. (2009). Threat rigidity, school reform, and how teachers view their work inside current education policy contexts. American Educational Research Journal, 46(1), 9–44. doi:10.3102/0002831208320573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osguthorpe, R., & Sanger, M. (2013). The moral nature of teacher candidate beliefs about the purposes of schooling and their reasons for choosing teaching as a career. Peabody Journal of Education, 88(2), 180–197. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2013.775871
   Google Scholar
• Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2015). Digital ethnography: Principles and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Pizmony-Levy, O., & Saraisky, N. G. (2016). Who opts out and why? Results from a national survey on opting out of standardized tests. Research Report. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Postal, L. (2017, July 17). Florida’s top court leaves intact on ‘opt out’ testing case. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved from https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/education/os-opt-out-third-grade-state-tests-20170717-story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Press Release. (2015). Civil rights groups: “We oppose anti-testing efforts”. https://civilrights.org/civil-rights-groups-we-oppose-anti-testing-efforts/.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, K. (2018, April 5). A wave of teacher activism is sweeping red states. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/5228971/a-wave-of-teacher-activism-is-sweeping-red-states/.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, S. M. (2019). “So much of my very soul”: How youth organizers’ identity projects pave agentive pathways for civic engagement. American Educational Research Journal, 56(3), 1033–1063. doi:10.3102/0002831218812028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro, D. A. (2017a). Cassandra in the classroom: Teaching and moral madness. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 36(1), 49–60. doi:10.1007/s11217-016-9544-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro, D. A. (2017b). Teachers’ expressions of craft conscience: Upholding the integrity of a profession. Teachers and Teaching, 23(6), 750–761. doi:10.1080/13540602.2016.1228627
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, S., Currin, E., & McCardle, T. (2018a). Mother tongues: The Opt Out movement’s vocal response to patriarchal education reform. Gender & Education, 30(8), 1001–1018.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, S., Currin, E., & McCardle, T. (2018b). “We’re kind of at a pivotal point”: Opt Out’s vision for an ethic of care in a post-neoliberal era. Policy Futures in Education, 18(1), 138–158.
   Google Scholar
• Shyman, E. (2017). Reclaiming our children, reclaiming our schools: Reversing privatization and recovering democracy in America’s public schools. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Skerrett, A., & Hargreaves, A. (2008). Student diversity and secondary school change in a context of increasingly standardized reform. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 913–945. doi:10.3102/0002831208320243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinningsrud, T., & Brock-Utne, B. (2016). Norway: Formal education and its role in educational development. In T. Sprague (Ed.), Education in non-EU countries in Western and Southern Europe (pp. 37–58). London, UK: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. M., & Kovacs, P. E. (2011). The impact of standards-based reform on teachers: The case of ‘No Child Left Behind’. Teachers and Teaching, 17(2), 201–225. doi:10.1080/13540602.2011.539802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spradley, J. (1980). Participant observation. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Steger, M. B., & Roy, R. K. (2010). Neoliberalism: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, V. (2013, November 16). Arne Duncan: ‘White suburban moms’ upset that common core shows their kids aren’t ‘brilliant. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2013/11/16/arne-duncan-white-surburban-moms-upset-that-common-core-shows-their-kids-arent-brilliant/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.96bf5e5f8b16.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, V. (2014, August 6). A lesson from South Korea: Student resistance to high-stakes testing. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2014/08/06/a-lesson-from-south-korea-student-resistance-to-high-stakes-testing/?utm_term=.54d4d22afe66.
   Google Scholar
• Sugimoto, A. T., & Carter, K. (2016). Divergent narratives: The story of schools, schooling, and students from the 1960s to the present. In K. Bosworth (Ed.), Prevention science in school settings: Complex relationships and processes (pp. 19–32). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sugrue, E. P. (2020). Moral injury among professionals in K-12 education. American Educational Research Journal, 57(1), 43–26. doi:10.3102/0002831219848690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. (2003). Musings on critical ethnography, meanings, and symbolic violence. In R. P. Clair (Ed.), Expressions of ethnography: Novel approaches to qualitative methods (pp. 45–54). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, C. (2018, October 4). Teachers running for office seek to shake up midterm elections. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/teachers-running-for-office-seek-to-shake-up-midterm-elections.
   Google Scholar
• Toppo, G. (2017, October 29). Survey: Teachers’ mental health declining amid job stress. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/30/survey-teachers-mental-health-declining-amid-job-stress/811577001/.
   Google Scholar
• Walstrom, M. K. (2004). Ethics and engagement in communication scholarship: Analyzing public online support groups as researcher/participant-experiencer. International Journal of Global Information Management, 11(3), 174–202.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. (2017). The social networks and paradoxes of the Opt-out Movement amid the Common Core State Standards implementation: The case of New York. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25, 34–24. . doi:10.14507/epaa.25.2757
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, A. A. (2012). The spectre of neoliberalism: Pedagogy, gender and the construction of learner identities. Critical Studies in Education, 53(2), 197–210. doi:10.1080/17508487.2012.672332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Will, M. (2018, October 3). The wave of teacher activism has reached Hawaii. Education Week. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/teacherbeat/2018/10/the_wave_of_teacher_activism_reached_hawaii.html.
   Google Scholar
• Zeichner, K. (2017). The struggle for the soul of teacher education. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar