How Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Exacerbate the Digital Divide at Secondary Education: The Case of Two Chinese Schools

References

• Bacher-Hicks, A., Goodman, J., & Mulhern, C. (2021). Inequality in household adaptation to schooling shocks: Covid-induced online learning engagement in real time. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 104345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco2020.104345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1993). The field of cultural reproduction. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (2018). The forms of capital. In D. Michele (Ed.), Concise reader in sociological theory (pp. 78–92). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. (2000). Reproduction in education, society, and culture (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. (2020). Competing for privilege–Aspirational youth at a Chinese high school entrepreneurship competition. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(8), 1268–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1836475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa, D. J. (2017). Digitization: Does it always improve access to rare books and special collections? Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture, 45(4), 177–179. https://doi.org/10.1515/pdtc-2016-0026
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cullinan, J., Flannery, D., Harold, J., Lyons, S., & Palcic, D. (2021). The disconnected: COVID-19 and disparities in access to quality broadband for higher education students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00262-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, B. K. (2019). Using the TACT framework to learn the principles of rigour in qualitative research. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 17(3), 118–129.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, J. E. (2016). Splicing the divide: A review of research on the evolving digital divide among K–12 students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48(1), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2015.1103147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, J. (2020, May 21). Research on online learning of primary and secondary schools in 8 provinces of central and Western China. Pengpai News. http://edu.163.com/20/0521/06/FD4M4N7O00297VGM.html
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality: Differences in young adults’ use of the Internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, C. (2017). Students, computers and learning: Where is the connection? Education and Information Technologies, 22(6), 2665–2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9670-6
   Google Scholar
• Li, H. (2013). Rural students’ experiences in a Chinese elite university: Capital, habitus and practices. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(5-6), 829–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2013.821940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F. (2020, March 26). Learning and living conditions of primary and secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lianjiang Education. http://www.ljedu.cn/jtjy/57895.html
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., & Yang, Y. (2020, April 29). Online classes exacerbate China’s rural education gap. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/18455abf-d683-48f1-a6ed-b97bf3fc162e
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. (2013). Meritocracy and the Gaokao: A survey study of higher education selection and socio-economic participation in East China. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(5-6), 868–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2013.816237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, C., & Si, C. (2020). Will online education widen the gap between students from different backgrounds? Natural experiments based on the COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Finance and Economics, 11, 4–18. https://doi.org/10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20200917.301
   Google Scholar
• Ma, J. K. H. (2021). The digital divide at school and at home: A comparison between schools by socio-economic level across 47 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 62(2), 115–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152211023540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaide, S. (2009). Making education equitable in rural China through distance learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i1.590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundel, C., & Salemink, K. (2021). Bridging digital inequalities in rural schools in Germany: A geographical lottery? Education Sciences, 11(4), 181. 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci110401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, S., Badasyan, N., & Busby, M. (2018). Diversity and digital divide: Using the National Broadband Map to identify the non-adopters of broadband. Telecommunications Policy, 42(5), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, P. (2020, April 7). As D.C. students struggle to get online, schools and parents rush to fill the void. The Washington Post. https://thedcline.org/2020/04/07/washington-post-as-d-c-students-struggle-to-get-online-schools-and-parents-rush-to-fill-the-void/
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, J. (2012). The network society (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L. (2008). The marginality of migrant children in the urban Chinese educational system. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(6), 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690802423361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, A., & Postiglione, G. A. (2016). Guanxi and school success: An ethnographic inquiry of parental involvement in rural China. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(7), 1014–1033. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2014.1001061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q. (2018). A study on the parenting style of rural and urban female college students. Modern Communicative Method, 8(10), 171–172.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, D., Li, X., & Xue, J. (2015). Education inequality between rural and urban areas of the People’s Republic of China, migrants’ children education, and some implications. Asian Development Review, 32(1), 196–224. https://doi.org/10.1162/ADEV_a_00042
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, B., Zhu, F., & Xia, L. (2021). Is there a digital divide between urban students and migrant students in China? SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211016387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar