5,036
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Understanding barriers to participation within undergraduate STEM laboratories: towards development of an inclusive curriculum

&

References

  • Adams, M., and S. Brown, Eds. 2006. Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education: Developing Curricula for Disabled Students. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Agustian, H. Y., and M. K. Seery. 2017. “Reasserting the Role of Pre-Laboratory Activities in Chemistry Education: A Proposed Framework for Their Design.” Chemistry Education Research and Practice 18 (4): 518–532. doi:10.1039/C7RP00140A.
  • Ahn, M. Y., and H. H. Davis. 2020. “Students’ Sense of Belonging and Their Socio-economic Status in Higher Education: A Quantitative Approach.” Teaching in Higher Education 1–14. doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1778664.
  • Asghar, A., I. E. Sladeczek, J. Mercier, and E. Beaudoin. 2017. “Learning in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics: Supporting Students with Learning Disabilities.” Canadian Psychology 58 (3): 238–249. doi:10.1037/cap0000111.
  • Aycock, L. M., Z. Hazari, E. Brewe, K. B. H. Clancy, T. Hodapp, and R. M. Goertzen. 2019. “Sexual Harassment Reported by Undergraduate Female Physicists.” Physical Review Physics Education Research 15 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.010121.
  • Bargerhuff, M. E., and M. Wheatly. 2004. “Teaching with CLASS: Creating Laboratory Access for Science Students with Disabilities.” Teacher Education and Special Education 27 (3): 318–321. doi:10.1177/088840640402700310.
  • Bessant, J. 2011. “‘Measuring Up?’ Assessment and Students with Disabilities in the Modern University.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 16: 1464–5173.
  • Bishop, D., and D. J. A. Rhind. 2011. “Barriers and Enablers for Visually Impaired Students at a UK Higher Education Institution.” British Journal of Visual Impairment 29 (3): 177–195. doi:10.1177/0264619611415329.
  • Bretz, S. L. 2019. “Evidence for the Importance of Laboratory Courses.” Journal of Chemistry Education 96 (2): 193–195. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00874.
  • Bunbury, S. 2018. “Disability in Higher Education-do Reasonable Adjustments Contribute to an Inclusive Curriculum.” International Journal of Inclusive Education. doi:10.1080/13603116.2018.1503347.
  • Bunce, L., N. King, S. Saran, and N. Talib. 2021. “Experiences of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Students in Higher Education: Applying Self-determination Theory to Understand the BME Attainment Gap.” Studies in Higher Education 46 (3): 534–547. doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1643305.
  • Burwell, S. M. 2018. “Generation Stress: The Mental Health Crisis on Campus.” Foreign Affairs 150–158.
  • Canning, E. A., K. Muenks, D. J. Green, and M. C. Murphy. 2019. “STEM Faculty Who Believe Ability Is Fixed Have Larger Racial Achievement Gaps and Inspire Less Student Motivation in Their Classes.” Science Advances 5 (2). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4734.
  • Carabajal, I. G., A. M. Marshall, and C. L. Atchison. 2017. “A Synthesis of Instructional Strategies in Geoscience Education Literature that Address Barriers to Inclusion for Students with Disabilities.” Journal of Geoscience Education 65 (4): 532–541. doi:10.5408/16-211.1.
  • Casad, B. J., Z. W. Petzel, and E. A. Ingalls. 2018. “A Model of Threatening Academic Environments Predicts Women STEM Majors’ Self-esteem and Engagement in STEM.” Sex Roles 80: 469–488. doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0942-4.
  • Cech, E. A., and W. R. Rothwell. 2018. “LGBTQ Inequality in Engineering Education.” Journal of Engineering Education 107 (4): 583–610. doi:10.1002/jee.20239.
  • Claridge, H., K. Stone, and M. Ussher. 2018. “The Ethnicity Attainment Gap among Medical and Biomedical Science Students: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Medical Education 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1426-5.
  • Coleman, S. K., and C. L. Smith. 2019. “Evaluating the Benefits of Virtual Training for Bioscience Students.” Higher Education Pedagogies 4 (1): 287–299. doi:10.1080/23752696.2019.1599689.
  • Cooper, K. M., L. E. Gin, B. Akeeh, C. E. Clark, J. S. Hunter, T. B. Roderick, D. B. Elliott, et al. 2019. “Factors that Predict Life Sciences Student Persistence in Undergraduate Research Experiences.” PLoS ONE 14 (8): e0220186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220186.
  • Cotner, S., S. J. Ballen, and . 2017. “Can Mixed Assessment Methods Make Biology Classes More Equitable?” PLoS ONE 12 (12): e0189610. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189610.
  • Daniels H A, Grineski S E, Collins T W, Frederick A H and Schinske J. (2019). Navigating Social Relationships with Mentors and Peers: Comfort and Belonging among Men and Women in STEM Summer Research Programs. LSE, 18(2), ar17 10.1187/cbe.18-08-0150
  • Deiglmayr, A., E. Stern, and R. Schubert. 2019. “Beliefs in “Brilliance” and Belonging Uncertainty in Male and Female STEM Students.” Frontiers in Psychology 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01114.
  • Department for Education. 2014. GCE AS and A Level Subject Content for Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Psychology. London, UK: Crown Publishing.
  • Department for Education. 2017. Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Higher Education as a Route to Excellence. London, UK: Crown Publishers.
  • Dewsbury, B. M. 2017. “On Faculty Development of STEM Inclusive Teaching Practices.” FEMS Microbiology Letters 364 (18). doi:10.1093/femsle/fnx179.
  • Di Bartolo, P. M., L. Gregg-Jolly, D. Gross, C. A. Manduca, E. Iverson, D. B. Cooke, Davis, G.K., Davidson, C., Hertz, P.E., HIbbard, L., Ireland, S.K., Mader, C., Pai, A., Raps, S., Siwicki, K., Swartz, J.E., et al. 2016. “Principles and Practises Fostering Inclusive Excellence: Lessons from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Capstone Institutions.” Life Sciences Education 15:1–11.
  • Diamond, L. M. 2008. Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.: Harvard University Press.
  • Dommeyer, C. J. 2007. “Using the Diary Method to Deal with Social Loafers on the Group Project: Its Effects on Peer Evaluations, Group Behavior, and Attitudes.” Journal of Marketing Education 29 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1177/0273475307302019.
  • Dowey, N., J. Barclay, B. Fernando, S. Giles, J. Houghton, C. Jackson, A. Khatwa, et al. 2021. “A UK Perspective on Tackling the Geoscience Racial Diversity Crisis in the Global North.” Nature Geoscience 14 (5): 256–259. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00737-w.
  • Ertl, B., S. Luttenberger, and M. Paechter. 2017. “The Impact of Gender Stereotypes on the Self-concept of Female Students in Stem Subjects with an Under-representation of Females.” Frontiers in Psychology 8: 703. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00703.
  • Gilbert, T., M. Doolan, S. Beka, N. Spencer, M. Crotta, and S. Davari. 2018. “Compassion on University Degree Programmes at a UK University: The Neuroscience of Effective Group Work.” Journal of Research and Innovation in Higher Education 11 (1): 4–21.
  • Gilley, B., C. Atchison, S. Feig, and A. Stokes. 2015. “Impact of Inclusive Field Trips.” Nature Geoscience 8 (8): 579–580. doi:10.1038/ngeo2500.
  • Good, J. J., C. A. Moss-Racusin, and D. T. Sanchez. 2012. “When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of Self and Others.” Pyschology of Women Quarterly 36 (2): 210–226. doi:10.1177/0361684312440958.
  • Grant, L. 2011. “Lab Skills of New Undergraduates.” The Gatsby Charitable Foundation. Accessed 25 June 2020. https://www.gatsby.org.uk/uploads/education/reports/pdf/russell-group-survey-of-lab-skills-report-laura-grant-may-2011.pdf
  • Griful-Freixenet, J., K. Struyven, M. Verstichele, and C. Andries. 2017. “Higher Education Students with Disabilities Speaking Out: Perceived Barriers and Opportunities of the Universal Design for Learning Framework.” Disability & Society 32 (10): 1627–1649. doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1365695.
  • Grout, I. 2017. “Remote Laboratories as a Means to Widen Participation in STEM Education.” Educational Sciences 7 (4): 85. doi:10.3390/educsci7040085.
  • Hall, D., and S. Buzwell. 2012. “The Problem of Free-riding in Group Projects: Looking beyond Social Loafing as Reason for Non-contribution.” Active Learning in Higher Education 14 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1177/1469787412467123.
  • Hand, S., L. Rice, and E. Greenlee. 2017. “Exploring Teachers’ and Students’ Gender Role Bias and Students’ Confidence in STEM Fields.” Social Psychology of Education 20 (4): 929–945. doi:10.1007/s11218-017-9408-8.
  • Hasanah, U. 2020. “Key Definitions of STEM Education: Literature Review.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education 16 (3): e2217. doi:10.29333/ijese/8336.
  • Healey, M., M. Fuller, A. Bradley, and T. Hall. 2006. “Listening to Students: The Experiences of Disabled Students of Learning at University.” In Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education: Developing Curricula for Disabled Students, edited by M. Adams and S. Brown, 33–43. London: Routledge Falmer.
  • HESA. 2019. Open Data. Accessed 10 March 2020. http://www.hesa.ac.uk
  • HESA. 2021. Open Data. Accessed 10 June 2021. http://www.hesa.ac.uk
  • Hewett, R., G. Douglas, M. Mclinden, and S. Keil. 2017. “Developing an Inclusive Learning Environment for Students with Visual Impairment in Higher Education.” European Journal of Special Needs Education 32 (1): 89–109. doi:10.1080/08856257.2016.1254971.
  • Hirschfield, L., and D. Chachra. 2019. “Experience Is Not Mastery: Unexpected Interactions between Project Task Choice and Measures of Academic Confidence and Self-efficacy in First-year Engineering Students.” International Journal of Engineering Education 35: 806–823.
  • Hughes, B. E. 2018. “Coming Out in STEM: Factors Affecting Retention of Sexual Minority STEM Students.” Science Advances 4 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao6373.
  • Hughes, K., T. Corcoran, and R. Slee. 2016. “Health-inclusive Higher Education: Listening to Students with Disabilities or Chronic Illnesses.” Higher Education Research & Development 35 (3): 488–501. doi:10.1080/07294360.2015.1107885.
  • Huisman, B., N. Saab, P. van Den Broek, and J. van Driel. 2019. “The Impact of Formative Peer Feedback on Higher Education Students’ Academic Writing: A Meta-Analysis.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 44 (6): 863–880. doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1545896.
  • Islam, M., T. Lowe, and G. Jones. 2018. “A ‘Satisfied Settling’? Investigating A Sense of Belonging for Muslim Students in A UK Small-medium Higher Education Institution.” Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal 2 (2): 79–104.
  • Kauser, S., S. Yaqoob, A. Cook, M. O’Hara, M. Mantzios, and H. Egan. 2021. “Learning from the Experiences of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) University Students Who Withdraw from Their Undergraduate Degree.” SN Social Sciences 1 (5): 121. doi:10.1007/s43545-021-00115-8.
  • Kendall, L., and B. Tarman. 2016. “Higher Education and Disability: Exploring Student Experiences.” Cogent Education 3 (1). doi:10.1080/2331186X.2016.1256142.
  • Ketterlin-Geller, L. R., and C. Johnstone. 2006. “Accommodations and Universal Design: Supporting Access to Assessments in Higher Education.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 19 (2): 163–172.
  • Kirsh, B., J. Friedland, S. Cho, N. Gopalasuntharanathan, S. Orfus, M. Salkovitch, K. Snider, et al. 2016. “Experiences of University Students Living with Mental Health Problems: Interrelations between the Self, the Social, and the School.” Work 53 (2): 325–335. DOI:10.3233/WOR-152153.
  • Kirsh, S. A., M. E. Bargerhuff, H. Cowan, and M. Wheatly. 2007. “Reflections of Educators in Pursuit of Inclusive Science Classrooms.” Science Teacher Education 18 (4): 663–692. doi:10.1007/s10972-007-9052-9.
  • Kist, A. A., and B. Basnet 2013. “Enabling Effective and Inclusive Learning Opportunities with Software-based Remote Access Laboratories.” In 10th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV 2013): Moving from Design to Innovation and Impact, 6-8 Feb 2013, Sydney, Australia.
  • Martin-Hansen, L. 2018. “Examining Ways to Meaningfully Support Students in STEM.” International Journal of STEM Education 5 (1). doi:10.1186/s40594-018-0150-3.
  • McDaniel, N., G. Wolfe, C. Mahaffy, and J. Teggins. 1994. “The Modification of General Chemistry Laboratories for Use by Students with Disabilities.” Journal of Rehabilitation 60: 26–29.
  • McMaster, N. C. 2017. “Who Studies STEM Subjects at A Level and Degree in England? an Investigation into the Intersections between Students’ Family Background, Gender and Ethnicity in Determining Choice.” British Educational Research Journal 43 (3): 528–553. doi:10.1002/berj.3270.
  • Meaders, C. L., A. K. Lane, A. I. Morozoc, J. K. Shuman, E. S. Toth, M. Stains, M. R. Stetzer, et al. 2020. “Undergraduate Student Concerns in Introductory STEM Courses: What They Are, How They Change, and What Influences Them.” Journal STEM Education Research 3 (2): 195–216. DOI:10.1007/s41979-020-00031-1.
  • Micari, M., P. Pazod, and M. J. Z. Hartmann. 2007. “A Matter of Confidence: Gender Differences in Attitudes toward Engaging in Lab and Course Work in Undergraduate Engineering.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 13 (3): 279–293. doi:10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.v13.i3.50.
  • Moakley, M. W., Jr., and M. M. Kim. 2014. “College Major Choice in STEM: Revisiting Confidence and Demographic Factors.” The Career Development Quarterly 62 (2): 128–142. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00075.x.
  • Moriña, A. 2017. “Inclusive Education in Higher Education: Challenges and Opportunities.” European Journal of Special Needs Education 32 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1080/08856257.2016.1254964.
  • Moss-Racusin, C. A., C. Sanzari, N. Caluori, and H. Rabasco. 2018. “Gender Bias Produces Gender Gaps in STEM Engagement.” Sex Roles 79 (11–12): 651–670. doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0902-z.
  • National Union Students (NUS). 2015. Education Beyond the Straight and Narrow: LGBT Students' Experience in Higher Education. London, UK: NUS.
  • Nelson, D. A. 1999. “Incorporating Chemical Health and Safety Topics into Chemistry Curricula.” Chemical Health & Safety 47: 43–48. doi:10.1016/S1074-9098(99)00020-9.
  • Ngabaza, S., T. Shefer, and L. Clowes. 2018. “Students’ Narratives on Gender and Sexuality in the Project of Social Justice and Belonging in Higher Education.” South African Journal of Higher Education 32 (3): 139–153. doi:10.20853/32-3-2489.
  • Office for National Statistics. 2017. Accessed 3 March 2019. http://www.ons.org.uk/methodology
  • Oliver, M. 1990. The Politics of Disablement. London: Macmillan Education.
  • Oliver, M. 1996. Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practise. London, UK: Macmillan Press.
  • Open University. 2020. The Open Science Laboratory. Accessed 10 May 2020. https://learn5.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=82
  • Osterman, K. F. 2000. “Students’ Need for Belonging in the School Community.” Review of Educational Research 70 (3): 323–367. doi:10.3102/00346543070003323.
  • Owusu-Kwarteng, L. 2020. “‘Studying in This England Is Wahala (Trouble)’: Analysing the Experiences of West African Students in a UK Higher Education Institution.” Studies in Higher Education. doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1723528.
  • Papadaki, V. 2016. “Invisible Students: Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Students in Social Work Education in Greece.” Social Work Education 35 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1080/02615479.2015.1085502.
  • Pearson, E., and T. Koppi. 2006. “Supporting Staff in Developing Inclusive Online Learning.” In Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education, edited by M. Adams, and S. Brown. London, UK: Routledge 56–66 .
  • Pittman, L. D., and A. Richmond. 2007. “Academic and Psychological Functioning in Late Adolescence: The Importance of School Belonging.” The Journal of Experimental Education 75 (4): 270–290. doi:10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292.
  • Prospects. 2019. Foundation Degrees. Accessed on 8 June 2021. https://www.prospects.ac.uk/applying-for-university/choosing-a-course/foundation-degrees
  • Purkayastha, S., A. K. Surapenini, P. Maity, A. S. Rajapuri, and J. W. Gichoya. 2019. “Critical Components of Formative Assessment in Process‑Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning for Online Labs.” Electronic Journal of E-learning 17 (2): 79–92. doi:10.34190/JEL.17.2.02.
  • Quiroga, M., and J. K. Choate. 2019. “A Virtual Experiment Improved Students’ Understanding of Physiological Experimental Processes Ahead of A Live Inquiry-based Practical Class.” Advances in Physiology Education 43 (4): 495–503. doi:10.1152/advan.00050.2019.
  • Rainey, K., M. Dancy, R. Mickelson, E. Stearns, and S. Moller. 2018. “Race and Gender Differences in How Sense of Belonging Influences Decisions to Major in STEM.” International Journal of STEM Education 5 (1). doi:10.1186/s40594-018-0115-6.
  • Rutherford, G., L. Hale, and D. Powell. 2015. “We Put a Few Ramps in Here and There, That’s about It: The Need to Ramp Our Minds in Academia.” In Disability Studies: Educating for Inclusion, edited by T. Corcoran, J. White, and B. Whitburn. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers 137–153 .
  • Sachs, D., and N. Schreuer. 2011. “Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Higher Education: Performance and Participation in Students’ Experiences.” Disability Studies Quarterly 11 (2). doi:10.18061/dsq.v31i2.1593.
  • Salmi, J., and A. D’Addio. 2021. “Policies for Achieving Inclusion in Higher Education.” Policy Reviews in Higher Education 5 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1080/23322969.2020.1835529.
  • Sax, L. J., S. K. Gilmartin, J. J. Lee, and L. S. Hagedorn. 2008. “Using Web Surveys to Reach Community College Students: An Analysis of Response Rates and Response Bias.” Community College Journal of Research and Practise 32 (9): 712–729. doi:10.1080/10668920802000423.
  • Seal, B. S., D. Wynne, and G. MacDonald. 2002. “Deaf Students, Teachers and Interpreters in the Chemistry Lab.” Journal of Chemistry Education 79 (2): 239–243. doi:10.1021/ed079p239.
  • Sheu, H. B., R. W. Lent, M. J. Miller, L. T. Penn, M. E. Cusick, and N. N. Truong. 2018. “Sources of Self-efficacy and Outcome Expectations in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Domains: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Vocational Behaviour 109: 118–136. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.003.
  • Slee, R. 2001. “Social Justice and the Changing Directions in Educational Research: The Case of Inclusive Education.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 5 (2–3): 167–177. doi:10.1080/13603110010035832.
  • Smith, E. 2013. “Women into Science and Engineering? Gendered Participation in Higher Education STEM Subjects.” British Education Research Journal 37: 993–1014. doi:10.1080/01411926.2010.515019.
  • STEM Women. 2019. Percentages of Women in STEM Statistics. Accessed 8 June 2020. https://www.stemwomen.co.uk/blog/2019/09/women-in-stem-percentages-of-women-in-stem-statistics
  • Stevenson, J., and P. Whelan. 2013. Synthesis of US Literature Relating to the Retention, Progression, Completion and Attainment of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Students in HE. York, UK: Higher Education Academy.
  • Stevenson, J. 2012. Black and Minority Ethnic Student Degree Retention and Attainment. York, UK: Higher Education Academy.
  • Stokes, A., A. D. Feig, C. L. Atchison, and B. Gilley. 2019. “Making Geoscience Fieldwork Inclusive and Accessible for Students with Disabilities.” Geosphere 15 (6): 1809–1825. doi:10.1130/GES02006.1.
  • Stonewall. 2018. “LGBT in Britain.” University Report. Accessed 15 June 2020. https://www.stonewall.org.uk/lgbt-britain-university-report
  • Syed, Z. A., Z. Trabookis, J. W. Bertrand, K. C. Madathil, R. S. Hartley, K. K. Frady, Wagner, J.R., Gramopadhye, J.R., Anand, K., et al. 2019. “Evaluation of Virtual Reality Based Learning Materials as a Supplement to the Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Experience.” International Journal of Engineering Education 35:842–852.
  • Tao, K. W., and A. M. Gloria. 2019. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? the Role of Impostorism in STEM Persistence.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 43 (2): 151–164. doi:10.1177/0361684318802333.
  • Taylor, S. J. 2011. “Disability Studies in Higher Education.” New Directions for Higher Education 154: 93–98. doi:10.1002/he.438.
  • Thibaut, L., H. Knipprath, W. Dehaene, and F. Depaepe. 2019. “Teachers’ Attitudes toward Teaching Integrated STEM: The Impact of Personal Background Characteristics and School Context.” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 17 (5): 987–1007. doi:10.1007/s10763-018-9898-7.
  • Thomas, L. 2012. What Works? Student Retention and Success. London, UK: Paul Hamlyn Foundation, 99pp.
  • Thorley, C. 2017. Not by Degrees: Improving Student Mental Health in the UK’s Universities. London, UK: Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • UCAS. 2020. Mature Undergraduate Students. Accessed 14 June 2020. https://www.ucas.com/undergraduate/student-life/mature-undergraduate-students
  • Universities UK. 2019. Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Student Attainment at UK Universities: # Closingthegap. London, UK: Universities UK.
  • van Rhijn, T. M., D. Lero, K. Bridge, and V. Fritz. 2016. “Unmet Needs: Challenges To Success From The Perspectives Of Mature University Students.” Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education 28 (1): 29–47.
  • Vitoriano, F. A., V. L. G. Teles, I. M. Rizzatti, and R. C. de Lima Pessoa. 2016. “Promoting Inclusive Chemistry Teaching by Developing an Accessible Thermometer for Students with Visual Disabilities.” Journal of Chemical Education 93 (12): 2046–2051. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00162.
  • Walton, G. M., G. L. Cohen, D. Cwir, and S. J. Spencer. 2012. “Mere Belonging: The Power of Social Connection.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (3): 513–532. doi:10.1037/a0025731.
  • Warrington, M., and M. Younger. 2010. “The Other Side of the Gender Gap.” Gender and Education 12: 493–508. doi:10.1080/09540250020004126.
  • Waterfield, J., B. West, and M. Parker. 2006. “Supporting Inclusive Practice: Developing an Assessment Toolkit.” In Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education: Developing Curricula for Disabled Students, edited by M. Adams and S. Brown, 79–94. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Wheeler, L. B., J. L. Maeng, J. L.Chiu, and R. L.Bell. 2017. ”Do Teaching Assistants Matter? Investigating Relationships Between Teaching Assistants and Student Outcomes in Undergraduate Science Laboratory Classes.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 54: 463–492.
  • Whittle, S. R., and S. R. Bickerdike. 2015. “Online Preparation Resources Help First Year Students to Benefit from Practical Classes.” Journal of Biological Education 49 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1080/00219266.2014.914554.
  • Whitworth, D. E., and K. Wright. 2015. “Online Assessment of Learning and Engagement in University Laboratory Practicals.” British Journal of Educational Technology 46 (6): 1201–1213. doi:10.1111/bjet.12193.
  • Wilson, D., D. Jones, F. Bocell, J. Crawford, M. J. Kim, N. Velieux, T. Floyd-Smith, et al. 2015. “Belonging and Academic Engagement among Undergraduate STEM Students: A Multi-institutional Study.” Research in Higher Education 56 (7): 750–776. DOI:10.1007/s11162-015-9367-x.
  • Wong, B., R. Elmorally, M. Copsey-Blake, E. Highwood, and J. Singarayer. 2021. “Is Race Still Relevant? Student Perceptions and Experiences of Racism in Higher Education.” Cambridge Journal of Education 51 (3): 359–375. doi:10.1080/0305764X.2020.1831441.
  • Wong, B. 2016. “Minority Ethnic Students and Science Participation: A Qualitative Mapping of Achievement, aspiration, Interest and Capital.” Research in Science Education 46 (1): 113–127. doi:10.1007/s11165-015-9466-x.
  • Wu, S., Y. Yang, C. Huang, C. W. Liu, L. Y. Lang, C. H. Chen, S. Y. Kao, et al. 2020. “Virtual Reality Simulation Increases Chinese Physicians’ and Lab Technicians’ Familiarity and Confidence regarding Proper Clinical Wastes Segregation/disposal: A 2-year Pilot Study.” British Medical Journal: Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning. doi:10.1136/bmjstel-2019-00055.4.