1,461
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An outcrop‐based study of the economically significant Late Cretaceous Rakopi Formation, northwest Nelson, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

, , , , &
Pages 295-315 | Received 30 Jan 2008, Accepted 06 Oct 2008, Published online: 19 Feb 2010

References

  • Allen , JRL . 1965 . Fining upward cycles in alluvial successions . Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal , 4 : 229 – 246 .
  • Armstrong , PA , Chapman , DS , Funnell , RH , Allis , RG and Kamp , PJJ . 1996 . Thermal modelling and hydrocarbon generation in an active‐margin setting: Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 80 : 1216 – 1241 .
  • Baillie , P and Uruski , CI . Petroleum prospectivity of Cretaceous strata in the deepwater Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . PESA Eastern Australian Basins Symposium II Adelaide . September 19–22 2004 . Unpaginated DVD
  • Bal , AA . Disparate hydrocarbon generation potential and maturation profiles of Pakawau Group source coals: implications for Taranaki Basin exploration . New Zealand Petroleum Exploration Conference . pp. 322 – 337 .
  • Bal , AA . Evolution of the Tasman Sea Basin . Proceedings of the Tasman Sea Conference . Christchurch, New Zealand. Cessation of Tasman Sea spreading recorded as a sequence boundary , Edited by: Van der Lingen , GJ , Swanson , KM and Muir , RJ . pp. 105 – 117 . Rotterdam/Brookfield, AA Balkema .
  • Bal , AA . 1994c . A Cretaceous‐early Tertiary macrotidal estuarine‐fluvial succession: Puponga coal measures in Whanganui Inlet, onshore Pakawau sub‐basin, northwest Nelson, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 37 : 287 – 307 .
  • Bishop , DG . 1971 . Sheet, S1 and S3—Farewell and Collingwood. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:63 360 , Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research .
  • Bjorlykke , K . 1983 . “ Diagenetic reactions in sandstones ” . Edited by: Parker , A and Sellwood , BW . 169 – 213 . Sediment diagenesis. D. Reidel Publishing Company .
  • Boggs , S . 1992 . Petrology of sedimentary rocks , New York : Mac‐millan Publishing Company .
  • Bridge , JS . 1985 . Paleochannel patterns inferred from alluvial deposits: a critical evaluation . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology , 55 : 579 – 589 .
  • Browne , GH and Plint , AG . 1994 . Alternating braidplain and lacustrine deposition in a strike‐slip setting: the Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation of the Cumberland Basin, Maritime Canada . Journal of Sedimentary Research , B64 : 40 – 59 .
  • Bussell , MR . 1985 . Report following geological mapping of the Pakawau Group in Whanganui (Westhaven Inlet), northwest Nelson , Wellington, , New Zealand : Mines Department . Unpublished report
  • Carter , M and Kintaner , ERL . 1987 . Cape Farewell‐1, well completion report PPL38119 , Unpublished Petroleum Report 1234 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Economic Development .
  • Clymo , RS and Gore , AJP . 1983 . “ Peat. ” . In Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor. General studies , 159 – 224 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Cooper , RA . 2004 . The New Zealand geological timescale , Nuclear Sciences Monograph 22 284 Institute of Geological .
  • Cooper , RA and Tulloch , AJ . 1992 . Early Palaeozoic terranes in New Zealand and their relationship to the Lachlan Fold Belt. . Tectonophysics , 214 (1/4) : 129 – 144 .
  • Crampton , JS , Mumme , T , Raine , JI , Roncaglia , L , Schieler , P , Strong , CP , Turner , G and Wilson , G . 2000 . Revision of the Piripauan and Haumurian local stages and correlation of the Santonian‐Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 43 : 309 – 333 .
  • Crouch , EM . 2002 . Five samples collected in northwest Nelson (NZMS260 Sheet M25) for palynological analysis , Geological Time Section Report M25/773 774 Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Crundwell , MP and Raine , JI . 1999 . “ Bio stratigraphic report on cutting samples from Rimu‐A1 and Rimu‐A1ST1, Southern Taranaki, New Zealand. Appendix 2a ” . In 1999 Rimu‐A1 well completion report. , Unpublished Petroleum Report 2447 Edited by: Harris , D , Frankiewicz , K , Swift , S , Aucoin , L and Scoot , B . Wellington : Ministry of Economic Development .
  • Diessel , CFK . 1992 . Coal‐bearing depositional systems , 721 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Ehrenberg , SN , Aagaard , P , Wilson , MJ , Fraser , AR and Duthie , DML . 1993 . Depth‐dependent transformation of kaolinite to dik‐kite in sandstones of the Norwegian continential shelf . Clay Minerals , 28 : 325 – 352 .
  • von Ettingshausen , CF . 1887 . Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen flora Neuseelands. Denkschr. Math.‐Naturwiss. Classe Kaiser . Akademie der Wissenschaften , 53 : 143 – 194 .
  • Folk , RL , Andrews , PB and Lewis , DW . 1970 . Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 13 : 937 – 968 .
  • Funnell , R , Chapman , D , Allis , R and Armstrong , P . 1996 . Thermal state of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . Journal of Geophysical Research , 101 (B11) : 25197 – 25215 .
  • Gibson , N , Davies , J and Brown , MJ . 1991 . The ecology of Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook.f) Quinn (Podocarpaceae) in Tasmania 1. Distribution, floristics and environmental correlates . Australian Journal of Ecology , 16 : 215 – 222 .
  • Hall , N , Johnston , RD and Chippendale , GM . 1970 . Forest trees of Australia , 3rd ed. , 334 Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service .
  • Harrison , D and Van Oyen , F . 1969 . Geological reconnaissance of the Tasman Bay and Golden Bay areas. Geological Note 100 , Unpublished Petroleum Report 510 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Economic Development .
  • Hauraki Maori Trust Board . 1999 . Hauraki customary indicators report , Ministry for the Environment Technical Paper 57
  • Hochstein , MP and Nixon , IM . 1979 . Geophysical study of the Hauraki depression, North Island, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 22 : 1 – 20 .
  • von Hochstetter , F . 1864 . Geologie von Nue‐Seeland. Beiträge Geologie der Provinzen Auckland und Nelson . Novara Expedition. Geologisher Theil , 1 : 274
  • Kennedy , EM . 1993 . Palaeoenvironment of an Haumurian plant fossil locality within the Pakawau Group, N.W. Nelson, New Zealand , Christchurch, , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Unpublished MSc thesis
  • Kennedy , EM . 1998 . “ Cretaceous and Tertiary megafloras from New Zealand and their climate signals ” . 266 Milton Keynes, , United Kingdom : The Open University . Unpublished PhD thesis, + Appendix
  • Kennedy , EM . 2003 . Late Cretaceous and Paleocene terrestrial climates of New Zealand: leaf fossil evidence from South Island assemblages . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 46 : 295 – 306 .
  • Kennedy , EM , Spicer , RA and Rees , PM . 2002 . Quantitative paleoclimate estimates from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene leaf floras in the northwest of the South Island, New Zealand . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 184 : 321 – 345 .
  • Killops , SD , Raine , JI , Woolhouse , AD and Weston , RJ . 1995 . Chemostratigraphic evidence of higher‐plant evolution in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . Organic Geochemistry , 23 : 429 – 445 .
  • King , PR and Thrasher , GP . 1996 . Cretaceous‐Cenozoic geology and petroleum systems of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand , GNS Monograph 13 Lower Hurt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd .
  • King , PR , Naish , TR , Browne , GH , Field , BD and Edbrooke , SW . 1999 . Cretaceous to Recent sedimentary patterns in New Zealand. GNS Folio 1. , Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. . Folder with 35 p., 1 enclosure
  • Leeder , MR . 1973 . Fluviatile fining‐upward cycles and the magnitude of paleochannels . Geological Magazine , 110 : 265 – 276 .
  • McMillan , SG and Wilson , GJ . 1997 . Allostratigraphy of coastal south and east Otago: a stratigraphie framework for interpretation of the Great South Basin, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 40 : 91 – 107 .
  • McQueen , DR . 1956 . Leaves of Middle and Upper Cretaceous pteri‐dophytes and cycads from New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 83 (4) : 673 – 685 .
  • Miall , AD . 1978 . “ Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary ” . In Fluvial sedimentology , Edited by: Miall , AD . Vol. 5 , 597 – 604 . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir .
  • Miall , AD . 1992 . “ Alluvial deposits ” . In Facies models: response to sea level change , Edited by: Walker , RG and James , NP . 119 – 142 . Geological Association of Canada .
  • Mildenhall , DC . 1968 . The fossil flora of the Pakawau Group, Northwest Nelson, New Zealand , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished MSc thesis
  • Mildenhall , DC . 1972 . New name for the plant fossil Haastia Etting‐shausen, 1887 (Non Haastia Hooker F., 1864) . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 15 : 181 – 182 .
  • NACSN (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature) . 1983 . North American stratigraphie code . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 67 : 841 – 875 .
  • Newman , J . 1989 . Coal geology of the West Kawhia coalfield, New Zealand. Coal Geology Report 17 , Wellington, , New Zealand : Market Information and Analysis, Ministry of Energy .
  • Ongley , M and MacPherson , EO . 1923 . The geology and mineral resources of the Collingwood Subdivision, Karamea Division . New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin , 25 : 52
  • Peters , KE and Moldowan , JM . 1993 . The biomarker guide: interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments , 363 Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall .
  • Playford , G and Dettmann , ME . 1978 . Pollen of Dacrydium franklinii Hook.f and comparable early Tertiary microfossils . Pollen et Spores , 20 : 513 – 534 .
  • Pocknall , DT . 1980 . Modern pollen rain and Aranuian vegetation from Lady Lake, north Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 18 : 275 – 284 .
  • Raine , JI . 1984 . Outline of a palynological zonation of Cretaceous to Paleogene terrestrial sediments in West Coast region , New Zealand Geological Survey Report 109 82 South Island, , New Zealand
  • Raine , JI . 1989 . Palynology of outcrop Upper Pakawau Group , New Zealand Geological Survey Report PAL 148 18 Northwest Nelson, , New Zealand
  • Raine , JI . 1992a . Collection of plant macrofossils and palynological samples from the Pakawau Group, 15–21 February 1992. , Unpublished report on file M24/773 in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Raine , JI . 1992b . Further palynological samples from the lower Ka‐puni Group and upper Pakawau Group, north west Nelson , Unpublished report JIR4/92, on file in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section 8 Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Raine , JI . 1994 . Collection of palynological samples from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene, Northwest Nelson, February 1994 , Unpublished report on file M24/773 in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Raine , JI . 2004 . Palynology of coal seam samples, Pakawau Group , Unpublished report JIR 2004/5 on file in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section 19 Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Raiswell , R . 1987 . “ Non‐steady state microbiological diagenesis and the origin of concretions and nodular limestones ” . In Diagenesis of sedimentary sequences , Edited by: Marshall , JD . Vol. 36 , 41 – 54 . Geological Society Special Publication .
  • Rattenbury , MS , Cooper , RA and Johnston , MR . 1998 . Geology of the Nelson area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250000 Geological Map 9. , Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd .
  • Roncaglia , L , Field , BD , Raine , JI , Schi⊘ler , P and Wilson , GJ . 1999 . Dinoflagellate bio stratigraphy of Piripauan‐Haumurian (Upper Cretaceous) sections from northeast South Island, New Zealand . Cretaceous Research , 20 : 271 – 314 .
  • Ruiz Cruz , MD and Andreo , B . 1996 . Genesis and transformation of dickite in Permo‐Triassic sediments (Betic Cordilleras, Spain) . Clay Minerals , 31 : 133 – 152 .
  • Suggate , RP . 1956 . Puponga Coalfield . New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology , B37 : 539 – 559 .
  • Suggate , RP . 1998 . Relations between depth of burial, vitrinite reflectance and geothermal gradient . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 21 : 5 – 32 .
  • Sykes , R . 2001 . “ Depositional and rank controls on the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks ” . In Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium, A Refocused Energy Perspective for the Future , Edited by: Hill , KC and Bernecker , T . 591 – 601 . Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Special Publication .
  • Sykes , R and Dow , MJ . Petroleum source rock properties of North Cape Formation (Late Cretaceous) coaly sediments . Taranaki Basin. 2000 NZ Petroleum Conference Proceedings . Crown Minerals. pp. 264 – 286 . Ministry of Economic Development .
  • Sykes , R , Snowdon , LR and Johansen , PE . Leaf biomass—a new paradigm for sourcing the terrestrial oils of Taranaki Basin . Eastern Australasian Basin Symposium II. Edited by: Boult , PJ , Johns , DR and Lang , SC . pp. 553 – 574 . Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Special Publication .
  • Thrasher , GP . 1991a . Geology and petroleum potential of the Pakawau Basin PPL38411 , Unpublished Petroleum Report 1762 Wellington : Ministry of Economic Development .
  • Thrasher , GP . Late Cretaceous source rocks of Taranaki Basin . 1991 New Zealand Oil Exploration Conference Proceedings . Wellington. pp. 147 – 154 . Ministry of Commerce .
  • Thrasher , GP . 1991c . Subsurface maps of Late Cretaceous stratigraphie sequences , New Zealand Geological Survey Report G149 Taranaki Basin, , New Zealand
  • Thrasher , GP . 1992 . Late Cretaceous geology of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished PhD thesis
  • Thrasher , GP and Cahill , JP . 1990 . Subsurface maps of the Taranaki Basin region , New Zealand Geological Survey Report G142 New Zealand
  • Titheridge , DG . 1977 . Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Upper Pakawau and Lower Westhaven Groups (Upper Cretaceous‐Oligocene), northwest Nelson , Christchurch, , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Unpublished MSc thesis
  • Wellman , HW . 1950 . Geology of sheets S1, 2,3 (Farewell, Kahurangi, and Collingwood), with an outline of the geology of northwest Nelson and Westland , Lower Hutt, , New Zealand : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Library . Unpublished manuscript
  • Wells , PE . 1984 . Cretaceous coals of northwest Nelson; a literature review , Wellington, , New Zealand : Mines Department . Unpublished Report
  • Wilson , GJ . 1984 . New Zealand Late Jurassic to Eocene dinoflagellate biostratigraphy—a summary . Newsletters in Stratigraphy , 13 (2) : 104 – 117 .
  • Wilson , GJ . 2003 . Preliminary notes on Upper Cretaceous dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of selected Taranaki oil wells , Unpublished Report GJW 335/03 on file in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section 5 Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Wilson , GJ . 2004 . Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the North Cape Formation, Northwest Nelson , Unpublished Report GJW 343/04 on file in Paleontology and Environmental Change Section 7 Lower Hutt : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences .
  • Wizevich , MC . Petrography of sandstones in the Pakawau Basin, Northwest Nelson . Geological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference Programme and Abstracts . Vol. 63A , pp. 164 Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication .
  • Wizevich , MC . 1994 . “ Sedimentary evolution of the onshore Pakawau sub‐basin: rift sediments of the Taranaki Basin deposited during Tasman Sea spreading ” . In Evolution of the Tasman Sea Basin , Edited by: Van der Lingen , GJ , Swan‐son , KM and Muir , RJ . 83 – 104 . Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema .
  • Wizevich , MC , Thrasher , GP , Bussell , MR , Wilson , GJ and Collen , JD . 1992 . Evidence for marine deposition in the Late Cretaceous Pakawau Group, northwest Nelson . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 35 : 363 – 369 .
  • Wolfe , JA . 1979 . Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of Eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia . US Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1106 : 1 – 37 .
  • Wolfe , JA . 1993 . A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages . US Geological Survey Bulletin , 2040 : 71

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.