279
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Have local stages outlived their usefulness for the New Zealand Pliocene‐Pleistocene?

&
Pages 271-279 | Received 15 May 1997, Accepted 27 Apr 1998, Published online: 23 Mar 2010

References

  • Abbott , S. T. and Carter , R. M. 1994 . The sequence architecture of mid‐Pleistocene (c. 1.1–0.4 Ma) cyclothems from New Zealand: facies development during a period of orbital control on sea level cyclicity. In: de Boer, P. L.; Smith, D. G. ed. Orbital forcing and cyclic sequences . International Association of Sedimentologists special publication , 19 : 367 – 394 .
  • Aguirre , E. and Pasini , G. 1985 . The Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary . Episodes , 8 : 116 – 120 .
  • Alloway , B. V. , Pillans , B. , Sandhu , A. S. and Westgate , J. A. 1993 . Revision of the marine chronology in Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, based on isothermal plateau fission‐track dating of tephra horizons . Sedimentary geology , 82 : 299 – 310 .
  • Bassett , M. G. 1985 . Towards a “Common Language” in stratigraphy . Episodes , 8 : 87 – 92 .
  • Berger , A. and Loutre , M. F. 1991 . Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 m.y . Quaternary science reviews , 10 : 297 – 317 .
  • Berggren , W. A. and van Couvering , J. A. 1979 . “ Quaternary ” . In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology Edited by: Robinson , R. A. and Teichert , C. A505 – A543 . Part A, Introduction
  • Berggren , W. A. , Kent , D. V. , Swisher , C. C. , Aubry , M. P. Berggren . 1995 . “ A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy ” . In Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation , Vol. 54 , 139 – 158 . SEPM special publication .
  • Beu , A. G. 1969 . Index macrofossils and New Zealand Pliocene and lower Pleistocene time‐stratigraphy . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 12 : 643 – 658 .
  • Beu , A.G. 1990 . Molluscan generic diversity of New Zealand Neogene stages: extinction and biostratigraphic events . Palaeogeography, paleoclimatology, palaeoecology , 77 : 279 – 288 .
  • Beu , A. G. 1995 . Pliocene limestones and their scallops: Lithostratigraphy, pectinid biostratigraphy and paleogeography of eastern North Island late Neogene limestones , Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences monograph 10
  • Beu , A. G. and Edwards , A. R. 1984 . New Zealand Pleistocene and late Pliocene glacio‐eustatic cycles . Palaeogeography, palaeo‐climatology, palaeoecology , 46 : 119 – 142 .
  • Beu , A. G. , Maxwell , P. A. and Brazier , R. C. 1990 . Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand , New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin 58 518
  • Beu , A. G. , Grant‐Taylor , T. L. and Hornibrook , N. de B. 1977 . Nukumaruan records of the subantarctic scallop Chlamys delicatula and crab Jacquinotia edwardsii in central Hawke's Bay . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 20 : 217 – 248 .
  • Beu , A. G. , Edwards , A. R. and Pillans , B. J. A review of New Zealand Pleistocene stratigraphy, with emphasis on the marine rocks . Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Quaternary Stratigraphy of Asia and the Pacific Area Osaka . Osaka. Edited by: Itihara , M. and Kamei , T. pp. 250 – 269 . Science Council of Japan .
  • Black , R. M. 1992 . Chronology of the middle Pleistocene Kidnappers Group, New Zealand, and correlation to global oxygen isotope stratigraphy . Earth and planetary science letters , 109 : 573 – 584 .
  • Boellstorff , J. D. and Te Punga , M. T. 1977 . Fission‐track ages and correlation of middle and lower Pleistocene sequences from Nebraska and New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 20 : 47 – 58 .
  • Boreham , A. U. E. 1963 . Some problems concerning the application of the Lower Nukumaruan (Hautawan) Substage (lower Pleistocene, New Zealand) . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 6 : 3 – 27 .
  • Brasier , M. , Cowie , J. and Taylor , M. 1994 . Decision on the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary stratotype . Episodes , 17 : 3 – 8 .
  • Bussell , R. and Mildenhall , D. C. 1990 . Extinct palynomorphs from middle and late Pleistocene terrestrial sediments, South Wanganui Basin, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 33 : 439 – 447 .
  • Bussell , R. and Pillans , B. 1992 . Vegetational and climatic history during oxygen isotope stage 9, Wanganui district, New Zealand and correlation of the Fordell Ash . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 22 : 41 – 60 .
  • Campbell , J. D. 1959 . The Warepan Stage (Triassic); definition and correlation . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 2 : 198 – 207 .
  • Cande , S. C. and Kent , D. V. 1995 . Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic . Journal of geophysical research , 100 : 6093 – 6095 .
  • Carter , L. , Nelson , C. S. , Neil , H. L. and Froggatt , P. C. 1995 . Correlation, dispersal, and preservation of the Kawakawa Tephra and other late Quaternary tephra layers in the Southwest Pacific Ocean . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 38 : 29 – 46 .
  • Carter , R. M. 1970 . A proposal for the subdivision of Tertiary time in New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 13 : 350 – 363 .
  • Carter , R. M. 1974 . A New Zealand case‐study of the need for local time‐scales . Lethia , 7 : 181 – 202 .
  • Carter , R. M. , Abbott , S. T. , Naish , T. and Saul , G. 1997 . A shallow‐marine glacio‐eustatic cyclostratigraphy for the last 2.5 Ma, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand , Poster available from the Department of Earth Sciences, James Cook University .
  • Cita , M. and Castradori , D. 1997 . “ Upper Pliocene ‐ lower Pleistocene integrated marine stratigraphy: state of the art ” . In Working Group on Milankovitch and Plio‐Pleistocene vegetation succession from 2.6 to 0.9 Ma Inter‐INQUA Colloquium Edited by: Leroy , S. and Ravazzi , C. 13 – 15 . Ankara Abstracts
  • Cox , A. , Doell , R. R. and Dalrymple , G. B. 1964 . Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field . Science , 144 : 1357 – 1543 .
  • Edwards , A. R. 1987 . An integrated biostratigraphy, magneto‐stratigraphy and oxygen isotope stratigraphy for the late Neogene of New Zealand , New Zealand Geological Survey record 23
  • Edwards , A. R. , Hornibrook , N. de B. and Te Punga , M. T. 1981 . In pursuit of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary . Geological Society of New Zealand newsletter , 52 : 21 – 28 .
  • Emiliani , C. 1955 . Pleistocene temperatures . Journal of geology , 63 : 538 – 578 .
  • Emiliani , C. 1966 . Paleotemperature analysis of Caribbean cores P6403–8 and P6304–9 and a generalized temperature curve for the past 425,000 years . Journal of geology , 74 : 109 – 124 .
  • Finlay , H. J. 1939 . New Zealand Foraminifera: key species in stratigraphy, 1 . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 68 : 504 – 533 .
  • Finlay , H. J. and Marwick , J. 1940 . The divisions of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 70 : 77 – 135 .
  • Finlay , H. J. and Marwick , J. 1947 . New divisions of the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary . New Zealand journal of science and technology , B28 : 288 – 236 .
  • Fleming , C. A. 1944 . Molluscan evidence of Pliocene climatic change in New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 74 : 207 – 220 .
  • Fleming , C. A. 1947 . Standard sections and subdivisions of the Castlecliffian and Nukumaruan Stages in the New Zealand Pliocene . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 76 : 300 – 326 .
  • Fleming , C. A. 1953a . The geology of the Wanganui Subdivision , New Zealand Geological Survey bulletin 52 362
  • Fleming , C. A. 1953b . New evidence for world correlation of marine Pliocene . Australian journal of science , 15 : 135 – 136 .
  • Fleming , C. A. Quaternary geochronology in New Zealand . Actes du IV Congres International du Quaternaire . September 1953 , Rome. pp. 3 – 8 .
  • Fleming , C. A. 1957 . The genus Pecten in New Zealand , New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin 26
  • Fleming , C. A. 1959 . Lexique stratigraphique internationale, v. 6 Oceanie, fascicule 4 527 New Zealand
  • Fleming , C. A. 1962 . New Zealand biogeography: a paleontologist's approach . Tuatara , 10 (2) : 53 – 108 .
  • Fleming , C. A. 1975 . The Quaternary record of New Zealand and Australia . The Royal Society of New Zealand bulletin , 13 : 1 – 20 .
  • Gammon , P. 1997 . The sequence stratigraphy of the Mangaopari Basin , Townsville : James Cook University of North Queensland . Unpublished PhD dissertation
  • Gammon , P. R. and Barton , C. E. in press . Magnetostratigraphy of the Mangaopari Basin . Earth and planetary science letters ,
  • Harland , W. B. , Armstrong , R. L. , Cox , A. L. , Craig , L. E. , Smith , A. G. and Smith∗ , D. G. 1990 . A geologic time scale 1989 , 263 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hays , J. D. and Shackleton , N. J. 1976 . Globally synchronous extinction of the radiolarian Stylatractus universus . Geology , 4 : 649 – 652 .
  • Hays , J. D. , Imbrie , J. and Shackleton , N. J. 1976 . Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages . Science , 194 : 1121 – 1132 .
  • Hilgen , F. J. 1987 . Sedimentary rhythms and high‐resolution chronostratigraphic correlations in the Mediterranean Pliocene . Newsletters in stratigraphy , 17 : 109 – 127 .
  • Hilgen , F. J. 1991a . Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implications for the geomagnetic polarity timescale . Earth and planetary science letters , 104 : 226 – 234 .
  • Hilgen , F. J. 1991b . Extension of the astronomically calibrated (polarity) timescale to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary . Earth and planetary science letters , 107 : 349 – 368 .
  • Hornibrook , N. deB. 1981 . Globorotalia (planktic Foraminiferida) in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene of New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 24 : 263 – 293 .
  • Hornibrook , N. deB. 1982a . Late Miocene to Pleistocene Globorotalia (Foraminiferida) from DSDP Leg 29, Site 284, Southwest Pacific . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 25 : 83 – 99 .
  • Hornibrook , N. deB. 1982b . Stages of the New Zealand marine Cenozoic: a synopsis , New Zealand Geological Survey report 107 Edited by: Hoskins , R. H. 74
  • Hornibrook , N. deB. , Brazier , R. C. and Strong , C. P. 1989 . Manual of New Zealand Permian to Pleistocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy , New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin 56
  • House , M. R. 1988 . International definition of Devonian System boundaries . Proceedings of the Usher Society , 7 : 41 – 46 .
  • Hughes , N. F. , Williams , D. B. , Cutbill , J. L. and Harland , W. B. 1967 . A use of reference‐points in stratigraphy . Geological magazine , 104 : 634 – 635 .
  • Jenkins , D. J. 1971 . Stratigraphic position of the New Zealand Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary. Comment . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 14 : 418 – 422 .
  • Journeaux , T. D. , Kamp , P. J. J. and Naish , T. R. 1996 . A lithostratigraphic framework for Middle Pliocene cyclothems, Mangaweka region, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 39 : 135 – 149 .
  • Kamp , P. J. J. 1978 . Stratigraphy and sedimentology of conglomerates in the Pleistocene Kidnappers Group, Hawke's Bay , Hamilton, , New Zealand : University of Waikato . Unpublished MSc thesis, lodged in the Library
  • Kamp , P. J. J. 1990 . Field notes, middle Pleistocene Kidnappers Group, Hawke's Bay , Geological Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 50B 105 – 118 .
  • Kennett , J. P. and Watkins , N. D. 1974 . Late Miocene ‐ Early Pliocene paleomagnetic stratigraphy, paleoclimatology and biostratigraphy in New Zealand . Geological Society of America bulletin , 85 : 1385 – 1398 .
  • Kennett , J. P. , Watkins , N. D. and Vella , P. 1971 . Paleomagnetic chronology of Pliocene‐early Pleistocene climates and the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary in New Zealand . Science , 171 : 276 – 279 .
  • King , W. B. R. and Oakley , K. P. Report of the Temporary Commission on the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary, appointed 26th August, 1948 . 18th International Geological Congress . 1948 , Great Britain. pp. 213 – 214 . part 1, general proceedings
  • Kohn , B. P. , Pillans , B. and McGlone , M. S. 1992 . Zircon fission‐track age for middle Pleistocene Rangitawa Tephra, New Zealand: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance . Palaeo‐geography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology , 95 : 73 – 94 .
  • Laskar , J. 1990 . The chaotic motion of the solar system: a numerical estimate of the size of the chaotic zones . Icarus , 88 : 266 – 291 .
  • Lourens , L. J. , Antonarakou , A. , Hilgen , F. J. , Van Hoof , A. A. M. , Vergnaud‐Grazzini , C. and Zachariasse , W. J. 1996a . Evaluation of the Plio‐Pleistocene astronomical timescale . Paleoceanography , 11 : 391 – 413 .
  • Lourens , L. J. , Hilgen , F. J. , Raffi , I. and Verngaud‐Grazzini , C. 1996b . Early Pleistocene chronology of the Vrica section (Calabria, Italy) . Paleoceanography , 11 : 797 – 812 .
  • Martinsson , A. , ed. 1977 . The Silurian‐Devonian boundary , International Union of Geological Sciences series A(5)
  • Marwick , J. 1924a . Paleontological notes on some Pliocene Mollusca from Hawke's Bay . Transactions of the New Zealand Institute , 55 : 191 – 202 .
  • Marwick , J. 1924b . The Struthiolariidae . Transactions of the New Zealand Insitute , 55 : 161 – 190 .
  • Miall , A. D. 1996 . The geology of stratigraphic sequences , 433 Springer‐Verlag .
  • Milne , J. D. G. 1973a . Upper Quaternary geology of the Rangitikei drainage basin, North Island, New Zealand , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished PhD thesis, lodged in the Library
  • Milne , J. D. G. 1973b . Mt Curl tephra, a 230,000 year old marker bed in New Zealand and its implications for Quaternary chronology . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 16 : 519 – 532 .
  • Milne , J. D. G. 1973c . Map and sections of river terraces in the Rangitikei Basin, North Island, New Zealand. Four sheets , New Zealand soil survey report 4
  • Morgans , H. E. G. , Scott , G. H. , Beu , A. G. , Graham , I. J. , Mumme , T. C. , St George , W. and Strong , C. P. 1996 . New Zealand Cenozoic time scale , New Zealand Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences science report 96/38
  • Morley , J. J. and Shackleton , N. J. 1978 . Extinction of the radiolarian Stylatractus universus as a biostratigraphic datum to the Atlantic Ocean . Geology , 6 : 309 – 311 .
  • Naish , T. R. and Kamp , P. J. J. 1995 . Late Pliocene marine cyclothems, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand: a lithostratigraphic framework . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 38 : 223 – 243 .
  • Naish , T. R. and Kamp , P. J. J. 1997 . High‐resolution sequence stratigraphy of 6th order (41 ka) Plio‐Pleistocene cyclothems, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand: a case for the regressive systems tract . Geological Society of America bulletin , 109 : 978 – 999 .
  • Naish , T. R. , Kamp , P. J. J. , Alloway , B. V. , Pillans , B. J. , Wilson , G. S. and Westgate , J. A. 1996 . Integrated tephrochronology and magnetostratigraphy for cyclothemic marine strata, Wanganui Basin: implications for the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary in New Zealand . Quaternary international , 34/36 : 29 – 48 .
  • Naish , T. , Kamp , P. J. J. and Pillans , B. 1997 . Recurring global sea‐level changes recorded in shelf deposits near the G/M polarity transition, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand: implications for redefining the Plio‐Pleistocene boundary . Quaternary international , 40 : 61 – 71 .
  • Naish , T. , Beu , A. G. , Carter , R. M. , Edwards , A. R. , Kamp , P. J. J. , Pillans , B. , Saul , G. and Woolfe , K. in press . Astronomical calibration of a southern hemisphere Plio‐Pleistocene reference section, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand . Quaternary science reviews ,
  • Neef , G. 1970 . Notes on the subgenus Pelicaria . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 13 : 436 – 476 .
  • Nelson , C. S. , Froggatt , P. C. and Gosson , G. J. 1985a . “ Nature, chemistry, and origin of late Cenozoic megascopic tephras in Leg 90 cores from the southwestern Pacific ” . In Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Edited by: Kennett , J. P. von der Borch , C. C. Vol. 90 , 1161 – 1171 .
  • Nelson , C. S. , Hendy , C. H. , Cuthbertson , A. M. and Jarrett , G. R. 1985b . “ Late Quaternary carbonate and isotope stratigraphy, subantarctic Site 594, southwest Pacific ” . In Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Edited by: Kennett , J. P. von der Borch , C. C. Vol. 90 , 1425 – 1436 .
  • Ninkovitch , D. 1968 . Pleistocene volcanic eruptions in New Zealand recorded in deep sea sediments . Earth and planetary science letters , 4 : 89 – 102 .
  • Opdyke , N. D. 1968 . “ The paleomagnetism of ocean cores ” . In History of the Earth's crust , Edited by: Phinney , R. A. 67 – 72 . Princeton University Press .
  • Payton , C. E. , ed. 1977 . Seismic stratigraphy—applications to hydrocarbon exploration , American Association of Petroleum Geologists memoir 26 516
  • Pillans , B. J. 1983 . Upper Quaternary marine terrace chronology and deformation, South Taranaki, New Zealand . Geology , 11 : 292 – 297 .
  • Pillans , B. 1988 . “ Loess chronology in Wanganui Basin, New Zealand ” . In Loess: its distribution geology, and soils , Edited by: Eden , D. N. and Furkert , R. J. 175 – 191 . Rotterdam : Balkema .
  • Pillans , B. 1990 . Late Quaternary marine terraces, south Taranaki Wanganui (Sheet Q22 and part sheets Q20, Q21, R21 & R22; 1:100 000 , New Zealand Geological Survey miscellaneouseries map 18
  • Pillans , B. J. 1991 . New Zealand Quaternary stratigraphy: an overview . Quaternary science reviews , 10 : 405 – 418 .
  • Pillans , B. 1994 . Direct marine‐terrestrial correlations, Wangami Basin, New Zealand: the last 1 million years . Quaternan science reviews , 13 : 189 – 200 .
  • Pillans , B. J. , McGlone , M. , Palmer , A. , Mildenhall , D. , Alloway , B and Berger , G. 1993 . The last glacial maximum in central an:: southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmenta reconstruction using Kawakawa Tephra Formation as the chronostratigraphic marker . Paleogeography, paleo climatology, paleoecology , 101 : 283 – 304 .
  • Pillans , B. J. , Roberts , A. P. , Wilson , G. S. , Abbott , S. T. and Allowa , B. V. 1994 . Magnetostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, anc tephrostratigraphic constraints on lower and middle Pleistocene sea‐level changes, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand . Earth and planetary science letters , 121 : 81 – 98 .
  • Quinn , T. R. , Tremaine , S. and Duncan , M. 1991 . A three million year integration of the Earth's orbit . Journal of astronomy , 101 : 2287 – 2305 .
  • Raymo , M. E. , Ruddiman , W. F. , Backman , J. , Clement , B. M. and Martinson , D. G. 1989 . Late Pliocene variation in northern hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic deep‐water circulation . Paleoceanography , 4 : 413 – 446 .
  • Remane , J. , Bassett , M. G. , Cowie , J. W. , Gohrbandt , K. H. , Lane , H. R. , Michelsen , O. and Naiwen , W. 1996 . Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICSs . Episodes , 19 : 77 – 81 .
  • Ruddiman , W. F. , Raymo , M. E. , Martinson , D. G. , Clement , B. M. and Backman , J. 1989 . Pliocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and the North Atlantic Ocean . Paleoceanography , 4 : 353 – 412 .
  • Saul , G. , Naish , T. , Abbott , S. T. and Carter , R. M. in press . Sedimentary cyclicity in the marine Plio‐Pleistocene: sequence stratigraphy motifs characteristic of the last 2.5 Ma . Geological Society of America bulletin ,
  • Scott , G. 1982 . Review of Kapitean stratotype and boundary with Opoitian Stage (upper Neogene, New Zealand) . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 25 : 475 – 485 .
  • Scott , G. H. , Bishop , S. and Burt , B. J. 1990 . Guide to some Neogere globorotalids (Foraminiferida) from New Zealand . New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin , 61 : 135
  • Seward , D. 1974 . Age of New Zealand Pleistocene substages by fission‐track dating of glass shards from tephra horizons . Eerie and planetary science letters , 24 : 242 – 248 .
  • Seward , D. 1976 . Tephrostratigraphy of marine sediments in Wanganm Basin, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 19 : 9 – 20 .
  • Seward , D. 1979 . Comparison of zircon and glass fission‐track ages from tephra horizons . Geology , 7 : 79 – 82 .
  • Seward , D. , Christoffel , D. A. and Lienert , B. 1986 . Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of a Pliocene‐Pleistocene marine sequence of North Island, New Zealand . Earth and planetary science letters , 80 : 353 – 360 .
  • Shackleton , N. J. and Opdyke , N. D. 1973 . Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28–238: oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a l(r and 106 year scale . Quaternary research , 3 : 39 – 59 .
  • Shackleton , N. J. and Opdyke , N. D. 1976 . Oxygen isotope arid paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V28–239 Late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene . Geological Society of America memoir , 145 : 449 – 464 .
  • Shackleton , N. J. , Berger , A. and Peltier , W. R. 1990 . An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677 . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 81 : 251 – 261 .
  • Shackleton , N. J. , Hall , M. A. and Pate , D. 1995a . Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy of ODP site 846. In: Pisias, N.; Mayer, L.; Janacek, T. et al. ed . Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program scientific results , 138 : 337 – 353 .
  • Shackleton , N. J. , Crowhurst , S. , Hagelberg , T. , Pisias , N. and Schneider , D. A. 1995b . A new late Neogene timescale: application to leg 138 sites . Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program scientific results , 138 : 73 – 101 .
  • Shane , P. A. R. 1990 . Correlation of some Pliocene tuffs in southern Wairarapa, New Zealand, and the comparison with bio‐stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 33 : 349 – 355 .
  • Shane , P. A. R. 1994 . A widespread early Pleistocene tephra (Potaka tephra, 1 Ma) in New Zealand: character, distribution, and implications . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 37 : 25 – 36 .
  • Shane , P. A. R. and Froggatt , P. C. 1991 . Glass chemistry, paleomagnetism, and correlation of middle Pleistocene tuffs in southern North Island, New Zealand, and western Pacific . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 34 : 203 – 211 .
  • Shane , P. A. R. , Black , T. M. , Alloway , B. V. and Westgate , J. A. 1996 . Early to middle Pleistocene tephrochronology of North Island, New Zealand: implications for volcanism, tectonism, and paleoenvironments . Geological Society of America bulletin , 108 : 915 – 925 .
  • Shepherd , M. J. and Price , D. M. 1990 . Thermoluminescence dating of late Quaternary dune sand, Manawatu/Horowhenua area, New Zealand: a comparison with 14C age determinations . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 33 : 535 – 539 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1990 . Late Pliocene and Quaternary glaciations of New Zealand . Quaternary science reviews , 9 : 175 – 195 .
  • Te Punga , M. T. 1981 . The Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary and the Nukumaruan stage . New Zealand Geological Survey report , 96 : 1 – 19 .
  • Thierstein , H. R. , Geitzenauer , K. R. , Molfino , B. and Shackleton , N. J. 1977 . Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels: validation by oxygen isotopes . Geology , 5 : 400 – 404 .
  • Thomson , J. A. 1916 . On the names applicable to the division for the Tertiary in New Zealand . Transactions of the New Zealand Institute , 48 : 28 – 40 .
  • Tiedemann , R. , Sarnthein , M. and Shackleton , N. J. 1994 . Astronomical timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic δ18O and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program site 659 . Paleoceanography , 9 : 619 – 638 .
  • Turner , G. M. and Kamp , P. J. J. 1990 . Paleomagnetic location of the Jaramillo Subchron and the Matuyama‐Brunhes transition in the Castlecliff stratotype section, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand . Earth and planetary science letters , 100 : 42 – 50 .
  • Vail , P. R. , Audemard , F. , Bowman , S. A. , Eisner , P. N. and Perez‐Cruz , C. 1991 . “ The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology—an overview ” . In Cycles and events in stratigraphy , Edited by: Einsele , G. , Ricken , W. and Seilacher , A. 617 – 659 . Springer‐Verlag .
  • van Donk , J. 1976 . O18 record of the Atlantic Ocean for the entire Pleistocene Epoch . Geological Society of America memoir , 145 : 147 – 163 .
  • Vella , P. 1963 . Pliocene‐Pleistocene cyclothems, Wairarapa, New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand geology , 2 : 15 – 50 .
  • Vella , P. 1975 . “ The boundaries of the Pliocene in New Zealand ” . In Late Neogene Epoch boundaries , Special publication 1 Edited by: Saito , T. and Burkle , L. H. 85 – 93 . New York : Micropalaeontology Press .
  • Watkins , N. D. and Huang , T. C. 1977 . Tephras in abyssal sediments east of New Zealand: chronology, paleowind velocity, and paleoexplosivity . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 20 : 179 – 198 .
  • Wilde , R. H. and Vucetich , C. G. 1988 . “ Aeolian cover beds of marine terraces in the western Wanganui district, North Island, New Zealand ” . In Loess, its distribution, geology and soils , Edited by: Eden , D. N. and Furkert , R. J. 215 – 232 . Rotterdam : Balkema .
  • Williams , D. F. , Thunell , R. C. , Tappa , E. , Domenico , R. and Raffi , I. 1988 . Chronology of the Pleistocene oxygen isotope record: 0–1.88 m.y. B.P . Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology , 64 : 221 – 240 .
  • Wilson , G. S. 1993 . Ice induced sea‐level changes in the late Neogene , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished PhD thesis, lodged in the Library
  • Wilson , C. J. N. , Houghton , B. F. , Kamp , P. J. J. and McWilliams , M. A. 1995 . An exceptionally widespread ignimbrite with implications for pyroclastic flow emplacement . Nature , 378 : 605 – 607 .
  • Wilson , C. J. N. , Switsur , V. R. and Ward , A. P. 1988 . A new 14C age for the Oruanui (Wairakei) eruption, New Zealand . Geological magazine , 125 : 297 – 300 .
  • Zijderveld , J. D. A. , Hilgen , F. J. , Langereis , C. G. , Verhallen , P. J. J. M. and Zachariasse , W. J. 1991 . Integrated magneto‐stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Pliocene ‐lower Pleistocene from Monte Singa and Crotone areas in Calabria, Italy . Earth and planetary science letters , 107 : 697 – 714 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.