944
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

Tectonic geomorphology of the Fox Peak and Forest Creek Faults, South Canterbury, New Zealand: slip rates, segmentation and earthquake magnitudes

, &
Pages 568-591 | Received 10 Jul 2015, Accepted 12 Jun 2016, Published online: 10 Aug 2016

References

  • Alloway BV, Lowe DJ, Barrell DJA, Newnham RM, Almond PC, Augustinus PC, Bertler NAN, Carter L, Litchfield NJ, McGlone MS, et al. 2007. Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project). J Quaternary Sci. 22(1):9–35. doi: 10.1002/jqs.1079
  • Amos CB, Burbank DW. 2007. Channel width response to differential uplift. J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf. 112(F2). doi:10.1029/2006JF000672
  • Amos CB, Burbank DW, Nobes DC, Read SAL. 2007. Geomorphic constraints on listric thrust faulting: implications for active deformation in the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand. J. Geophys Res. 112(B3). doi:10.1029/2006JB004291
  • Amos CB, Burbank DW, Read SAL. 2010. Along-strike growth of the Ostler fault, New Zealand: consequences for drainage deflection above active thrusts. Tectonics. 29(4). doi:10.1029/2009TC002613
  • Amos CB, Lapwood JJ, Nobes DC, Burbank DW, Rieser U, Wade A. 2011. Palaeoseismic constraints on Holocene surface ruptures along the Ostler Fault, southern New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 54(4):367–378. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2011.601746
  • Arrowsmith JR, Strecker MR. 1999. Seismotectonic range-front segmentation and mountain-belt growth in the Pamir-Alai region, Kyrgyzstan (India-Eurasia collision zone). Geol Soc Ama Bull. 111(11):1665–1683. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1665:SRFSAM>2.3.CO;2
  • Barrell DJA, Strong DT. 2012. Geological contours for groundwater modelling, South Canterbury. GNS Science Consultancy Report. 2012/245. 11 p.
  • Beanland S. 1987. Field guide to sites of active earth deformation: South Island, New Zealand. NZ Geological Survey Record. 19.
  • Beanland S, Berryman KR, Hull AG, Wood PR. 1986. late quaternary deformation at the Dunstan Fault, Central Otago, New Zealand. Bull R Soc New Zeal. 24:293–306.
  • Beavan J, Ellis S, Wallace L. 2007. Kinematic constraints from GPS on oblique convergence of the Pacific and Australian plates, central South Island, New Zealand. In: Okaya DA, Stern TA, Davey FJ, editors. A Continental plate boundary: tectonics at South Island, New Zealand. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. Pp. 75–94.
  • Beavan J, Haines J. 2001. Contemporary horizontal velocity and strain rate fields of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary zone through New Zealand. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 106(B1):741–770. doi: 10.1029/2000JB900302
  • Berryman KR, Webb T, Hill N, Stirling M, Rhoades DJ, Beavan J, Darby D. 2002. Seismic loads on Dams, Waitaki system: earthquake source characterisation. GNS Client report. 2001/129. 80 p.
  • Bull WB. 1990. Stream-terrace genesis: implications for soil development. Geomorphology. 3(3):351–367. doi: 10.1016/0169-555X(90)90011-E
  • Campbell JK, Pettinga JR, Jongens R. 2012. The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 55(3):155–168. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2012.690768
  • Cox SC, Barrell DJA. 2007. Geology of the Aoraki area: scale 1:250,000. Lower Hutt: GNS Science. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 Geological map 15. 71 p. + 1 folded map.
  • Cox SC, Stirling MW, Herman F, Gerstenberger M, Ristau J. 2012. Potentially active faults in the rapidly eroding landscape adjacent to the Alpine Fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Tectonics. 31(2). doi:10.1029/2011TC003038
  • Cutten H. 1990. Reconnaissance of faulting in the Fairlie Basin, Burke Pass, Lake Tekapo area. NZ Geological Survey Earth Deformation Section unpublished Immediate Report 90/2.
  • Davis K, Burbank DW, Fisher D, Wallace S, Nobes D. 2005. Thrust-fault growth and segment linkage in the active Ostler fault zone, New Zealand. J Struct Geol. 27(8):1528–1546. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.04.011
  • DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF. 2010. Geologically current plate motions. Geophys J Int. 181(1):1–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
  • Densmore AL, Ellis MA, Li Y, Zhou R, Hancock GS, Richardson N. 2007. Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics. 26(4):TC4005. doi:10.1029/2006TC001987
  • Densmore AL, Li Y, Richardson NJ, Zhou RJ, Ellis M, Zhang Y. 2010. The role of late quaternary upper-crustal faults in the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 100(5B):2700–2712. doi: 10.1785/0120090294
  • DePolo CM, Clark DG, Slemmons DB, Ramelli AR. 1991. Historical surface faulting in the Basin and Range province, western North America: implications for fault segmentation. J Struct Geol. 13:123–136. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(91)90061-M
  • Field EH, Biasi GP, Bird P, Dawson TE, Felzer KR, Jackson DD, Johnson KM, Jordan TH, Madden C, Michael AJ, et al. 2013. Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, version 3 (UCERF3)—The time-independent model. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1165, California Geological Survey Special Report 228, and Southern California Earthquake Center Publication 1792. 97 p.
  • Fox AN. 1987. The Neotectonic History of the Lake Tekapo region, Mackenzie Basin. New Zealand: University of Canterbury unpublished MSc Thesis: 444 p.
  • Fukuyama E, Hao KX. 2013. Subparallel dipping faults that ruptured during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 103(3):2128–2134. doi: 10.1785/0120120231
  • Ghisetti FC, Gorman AR, Sibson RH. 2007. Surface breakthrough of a basement fault by repeated seismic slip episodes: The Ostler fault, South Island, New Zealand. Tectonics. 26(6):TC6004. doi:10.1029/2007TC002146
  • Gold RD, Cowgill E, Wang X-F, Chen XH. 2006. Application of trishear fault-propagation folding to active reverse faults: examples from the Dalong Fault, Gansu Province, NW China. J Struct Geol. 28(2):200–219. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.10.006
  • Hubbard J, Shaw JH, Dolan J, Pratt TL, McAuliffe L, Rockwell TK. 2014. Structure and seismic hazard of the Ventura avenue anticline and Ventura fault, California: prospect for large, multisegment ruptures in the Western transverse ranges. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 104:1070–1087. doi: 10.1785/0120130125
  • Ishiyama T, Mueller K, Togo M, Okada A, Takemura K. 2004. Geomorphology, kinematic history, and earthquake behavior of the active Kuwana wedge thrust anticline, central Japan. J Geophys Res. 109(B12). doi:10.1029/2003JB002547
  • Jackson J, Norris R, Youngson J. 1996. The structural evolution of active fault and fold systems in central Otago, New Zealand: evidence revealed by drainage patterns. J Struct Geol. 18(2):217–234. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80046-0
  • Jackson J, Ritz J-F, Siame L, Raisbeck G, Yiou F, Norris R, Youngson J, Bennett E. 2002. Fault growth and landscape development rates in Otago, New Zealand, using in situ cosmogenic 10Be. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 195(3–4):185–193. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00583-0
  • James ZE. 1998. Geology, Quaternary structure, fault rocks and fluid flow, Fox Peak Range, Eastern Southern Alps. University of Otago unpublished MSc Thesis: 134 p.
  • Khajavi N, Quigley M, Langridge R. 2014. Influence of topography and basement depth on surface rupture morphology revealed from LiDAR and field mapping, Hope Fault, New Zealand. Tectonophysics. 630:265–284. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.032
  • Knuepfer PLK. 1988. Estimating ages of late Quaternary stream terraces from analysis of weathering rinds and soils. Geol Soc Am Bull. 100(8):1224–1236. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1224:EAOLQS>2.3.CO;2
  • Knuepfer PLK. 1989. Implications of the characteristics of endpoints of historical surface fault ruptures for the nature of fault segmentation. In: Schwartz DP, Sibson RH, editors. Fault Segmentation and Controls of Rupture Initiation and Termination, Palm Springs California USGS Open File report 89–315. 458 p.
  • Langridge RM, Ries WF, Litchfield NJ, Villamor P, Van Dissen RJ, Rattenbury MS, Barrell DJA, Heron DW, Haubrock S, Townsend DB, et al. 2016. The New Zealand active faults database: NZAFD250. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 59(1):86–96. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2015.1112818
  • Leitner B, Eberhart-Phillips D, Anderson H, Nabelek JH. 2001. A focused look at the Alpine fault, New Zealand: seismicity, focal mechanisms, and stress observations. J Geophys Res. 106:2193–2220. doi: 10.1029/2000JB900303
  • Litchfield NJ, Van Dissen R, Sutherland R, Barnes PM, Cox SC, Norris R, Beavan RJ, Langridge R, Villamor P, Berryman K, et al. 2014. A model of active faulting in New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 57(1):32–56. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2013.854256
  • Long DT, Cox SC, Bannister S, Gerstenberger MC, Okaya D. 2003. Upper crustal structure beneath the eastern Southern Alps and the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand, derived from seismic reflection data. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 46(1):21–39. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2003.9514993
  • McCalpin J. 2009. Paleoseismology. Burlington, MA: Academic Press. 629 p.
  • McGill SF, Sieh K. 1991. Surficial offsets on the Central and Eastern Garlock Fault associated with prehistoric earthquakes. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 96:21597–21621. doi: 10.1029/91JB02030
  • Merritts DJ, Vincent KR, Wohl EE. 1994. Long river profiles, tectonism, and eustasy: a guide to interpreting fluvial terraces. J Geophys Res. 99(B7):14031–14050. doi: 10.1029/94JB00857
  • Moss RES, Ross ZE. 2011. Probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis for reverse faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 101(4):1542–1553. doi: 10.1785/0120100248
  • Nicol A. 1993. Conical folds produced by dome and basin fold interference and their application to determining strain: examples from North Canterbury, New Zealand. J Struct Geol. 15(6):785–792. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(93)90062-F
  • Norris RJ, Cooper AF. 2001. Late Quaternary slip rates and slip partitioning on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. J Struct Geol. 23:507–520. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00122-X
  • Officers of the Geological Survey. 1983. Seismotectonic hazard evaluation of the Clyde Dam site. New Zealand Geological Survey /EG Report 375.
  • Oglesby DD, Day SM, O’Connell DRH. 2003. Dynamic and static interaction of two thrust faults: a case study with general implications. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 108(B10). doi:10.1029/2002JB002228
  • Quigley MC, Sandiford M, Cupper ML. 2007. Distinguishing tectonic from climatic controls on range-front sedimentation. Basin Res. 19:491–505. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00336.x
  • Rockwell T. 1988. Neotectonics of the San Cayetano fault, transverse ranges, California. Geol Soc Am Bull. 100(4):500–513. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0500:NOTSCF>2.3.CO;2
  • Rood DH, Burbank DW, Finkel RC. 2011. Spatiotemporal patterns of fault slip rates across the Central Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 301:457–468. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.006
  • Rubin CM. 1996. Systematic underestimation of earthquake magnitudes from large intracontinental reverse faults: Historical ruptures break across segment boundaries. Geology. 24(11):989–992. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0989:SUOEMF>2.3.CO;2
  • Shen ZK, Sun J, Zhang P, Wan Y, Wang M, Burgmann R, Zeng Y, Gan W, Liao H, Wang Q. 2009. Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Nat Geosci. 2(10):718–724. doi: 10.1038/ngeo636
  • Stahl T. 2014. Active Tectonics and Geomorphology of Central South Island, New Zealand: Earthquake Hazards of Reverse Faults: University of Cantebrury unpublished PhD Thesis: 247 p.
  • Stahl T, Quigley MC, McGill A, Bebbington M. 2016. Modeling earthquake moment magnitudes on imbricate reverse faults from paleoseismic data, Fox Peak and Forest Creek faults, South Island, New Zealand. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 106(5). doi:10.1785/0120150215
  • Stahl T, Winkler S, Quigley M, Bebbington M, Duffy B, Duke D. 2013. Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of late Quaternary fluvial terraces in New Zealand. Earth Surf Proc Land. 38(15):1838–1850. doi: 10.1002/esp.3427
  • Stirling M, McVerry G, Gerstenberger M, Litchfield N, Van Dissen R, Berryman K, Barnes P, Wallace L, Villamor P, Langridge R, et al. 2012. National seismic hazard model for New Zealand: 2010 update. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 102(4):1514–1542. doi: 10.1785/0120110170
  • Sutherland R, Berryman KR, Norris RJ. 2006. Quaternary slip rate and geomorphology of the Alpine fault: implications for kinematics and seismic hazard in southwest New Zealand. Geol Soc Am Bull. 118:464–474. doi: 10.1130/B25627.1
  • Thompson SC, Weldon RJ, Rubin CM, Abdrakhmatov K, Molnar P, Berge GW. 2002. Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, central Asia. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 107:ETG 7-1–ETG 7-32. doi:10.1029/2001JB000596
  • Upton P, Craw D, James Z, Koons PO. 2004. Structure and late Cenozoic tectonics of the southern two thumb range, mid Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 47(1):141–153. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2004.9515043
  • Upton P, Koons PO, Craw D, Henderson CM, Enlow R. 2009. Along-strike differences in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: consequences of inherited variation in rheology. Tectonics. 28(2). doi:10.1029/2008TC002353
  • Van Dissen, RJ, Hull AG, Read SAL. 1994. Timing of some large Holocene earthquakes on the Ostler Fault, New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements (CRCM ‘93), Kobe, 1993 Dec 6–11; Japan: Geodetic Society of Japan; p. 381–386.
  • Walcott RI. 1998. Modes of obliques compression: late Cenozoic tectonics of the South Island of New Zealand. Rev Geophys. 36(1):1–26. doi: 10.1029/97RG03084
  • Wallace LM, Beavan J, McCaffrey R, Berryman K, Denys P. 2007. Balancing the plate motion budget in the South Island, New Zealand using GPS, geological and seismological data. Geophys J Int. 168(1):332–352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03183.x
  • Wannamaker PE, Jiracek GR, Stodt JA, Caldwell TG, Gonzalez VM, McKnight JD, Porter AD. 2002. Fluid generation and pathways beneath an active compressional orogen, the New Zealand Southern Alps, inferred from magnetotelluric data. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 107(B6). doi:10.1029/2001JB000186
  • Wesnousky SG. 2006. Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures. Nature. 444(7117):358–360. doi: 10.1038/nature05275
  • Wesnousky SG. 2008. Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures: issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 98(4):1609–1632. doi: 10.1785/0120070111
  • Xu X, Wen X, Yu G, Chen G, Klinger Y, Hubbard J, Shaw J. 2009. Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geology. 37(6):515–518. doi: 10.1130/G25462A.1
  • Yeats RS. 2000. The 1968 Inangahua, New Zealand, and 1994 Northridge, California, earthquakes: implications for northwest Nelson. New Zeal J Geol Geophys. 43:587–599. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2000.9514911

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.