Stratigraphy and vegetation signals from an upland, landslide-dammed, paleolake during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition, Waipaoa Sedimentary System, Hikurangi Margin, eastern North Island, New Zealand

References

• Adams J. 1981. Earthquake-dammed lakes in New Zealand. Geology. 9:215–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloway BV, Lowe DJ, Barrell DJA, Newnham RM, Almond PC, Augustinus PC, Bertler N, Carter L, Litchfield NJ, McGlone MS, et al. 2007. Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 yrs (NZ- INTIMATE Project). Journal of Quaternary Science. 22:9–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RY. 1977. Short term sedimentation response in lakes in western United States as measured by automated sampling. Limnology and Oceanography. 22:423–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrell DJA, Almond PC, Vandergoes MJ, Lowe DJ, Newnham RM, Members I. 2013. A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 yrs (NZ-INTIMATE project). Quaternary Science Reviews. 74:4–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergin DO, Kimberley MO, Marden M. 1995. Protective value of regenerating tea tree stands on erosion-prone hill country, east coast, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 25:3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Berryman K. 1988. Tectonic geomorphology at a plate boundary: a transect across Hawke Bay, New Zealand. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie (Supplementband). 69:69–86.
   Google Scholar
• Berryman K, Marden M, Eden D, Mazengarb C, Ota Y, Moriya I. 2000. Tectonic and paleoclimatic significance of Quaternary river terraces of the Waipaoa River, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 43:229–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berryman K, Marden M, Palmer A, Wilson K, Mazengarb C, Litchfield NJ. 2010. The post-glacial incision history in the Waihuka sub catchment of the Waipaoa River, Gisborne District: implications for tectonics and landscape evolution in the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand. Marine Geology. 270:55–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilderback E, Pettinga J, Litchfield N, Quigley M, Marden M, Roering J, Palmer A. 2014. Hillslope response to climate-modulated river incision in the Waipaoa Catchment, east coast, North Island, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 127:131–148. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1130/B31015.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais JM, Kalff J. 1995. The influence of lake morphometry on sediment focusing. Limnology and Oceanography. 40:582–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C. 2008. Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews. 27(1–2):42–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C. 2009a. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon. 51(1):337–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C. 2009b. Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon. 51(3):1023–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C, Lee S. 2013. Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon. 55(2–3):720–730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LJ. 1984. Makauri gravel – a ‘blind’ aquifer underlying Poverty Bay flats. Gisborne. New Zealand Geological Survey Record. 3:69–77.
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco JE. 2012. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of late Pleistocene deposits from the Waipaoa river catchment, North Island, New Zealand. MSc. Thesis, California State University, Northridge, p. 95.
   Google Scholar
• Cerovski-Darriau C, Roering JJ, Marden M, Palmer AS, Bilderback EL. 2014. Quantifying temporal variations in landslide-driven sediment production by reconstructing paleolandscapes using tephrochronology and lidar: Waipaoa River, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 15:4117–4136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark KJ, Howarth JD, Litchfield NJ, Cochran UA, Turnbull JC, Dowling L, Howell A, Berryman KR, Wolfe F. 2019. Geological evidence for past large earthquakes and tsunamis along the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand. Marine Geology. 412:139–172. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MB, Ford MSJ. 1982. Sediment focusing in mirror lake, New Hampshire. Limnology and Oceanography. 27:137–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean WE. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 44:242–248.
   Google Scholar
• Dearing J. 1997. Sedimentary indicators of lake-level changes in the humid temperate zone: a critical review. Journal of Paleolimnology. 18:1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcourt P, Delcourt H. 1980. Pollen preservation and Quaternary environmental history in the southeastern United States. Palynology. 4:215–231.
   Google Scholar
• Eden DN, Palmer AS, Cronin SJ, Marden M, Berryman KR. 2001. Dating the culmination of river aggradation at the end of the last glaciation using distal tephra compositions, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology. 38:133–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faegri K, Iversen J, Kaland PE. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Fourth Edition. Caldwell, NJ: John Wiley and Sons; p. 328.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher MS, Moreno PJ. 2011. Zonally symmetric changes in the strength and position of the Southern Westerlies drove atmospheric CO2 variations over the past 14 ky. Geology. 39:419–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage M, Black RD. 1979. Slope stability and geological investigations at Mangatu State orest. New Zealand Forest Service. Forest Research Institute Technical Paper. 66:47.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez B, Livingston DM. 2012. The river it goes right on: post-glacial landscape evolution in the upper Waipaoa River basin, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology. 159–160:73–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez B, Rosser BJ. 2018. Slip slidin’ away: a post-glacial environmental history of the Waipaoa River basin. Geomorphology. 307:65–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm EC. 1991. TILIA and TILIA⋅GRAPH computer programs. Springfield: Illinois State Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Hajdas I, Lowe DL, Newnham RM, Bonani G. 2006. Timing of the late glacial climate reversal in the Southern Hemisphere using high-resolution radiocarbon chronology for Kaipo bog. New Zealand. Quaternary Research. 65:340–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessell JWD. 1980. The climate and weather of the Gisborne region. PD Hasselberg, Wellington: New Zealand Meteorological Service Miscellaneous Publication; 115 (8). p. 29.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt AE. 2010. New Zealand Soil classification. [Landcare Research Science series No. 1]. Lincoln: Manaaki Whenua Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton J. 1985. A conceptual framework for predicting the occurrence of sediment focusing and sediment redistribution in small lakes. Limnology and Oceanography. 30:1131–1143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg A, Heaton T, Hua Q, Palmer J, Turney C, Southon J, Bayliss A, Blackwell P, Boswijk G, Bronk Ramsey C, et al. 2020. SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–55,000 yrs cal BP. Radiocarbon. 62.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins JL, Bidmead JE, Lowe DJ, Wysoczanski RJ, Pillans BJ, Ashworth L, Rees ABH, Tuckett F. 2021. TephraNZ: a major and trace element reference dataset for glass-shard analyses from prominent Quaternary rhyolitic tephras in New Zealand and implications for correlation. Geochronology. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2020-34. (open access).
   Google Scholar
• Kirby ME, Feakins SJ, Hiner CA, Fantozzi J, Zimmerman SRH, Dingemans T, Mensing SA. 2014. Tropical Pacific forcing of late-Holocene hydrologic variability in the coastal southwest United States. Quaternary Science Reviews. 102(0):27–38. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.08.005.
   Google Scholar
• Kirby ME, Heusser L, Scholz C, Ramezan R, Anderson MA, Markle B, Rhodes E, Glover KC, Fantozzi J, Hiner C, et al. 2018. A late Wisconsin (32-10k cal a BP) history of pluvials, droughts and vegetation in the Pacific south-west United States (Lake Elsinore, CA). Journal of Quaternary Science. 33:238–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby ME, Knell EJ, Anderson WT, Lachniet MS, Palermo J, Eeg H, Lucero R, Murrieta R, Arevalo A, Silveira E. 2015. Evidence for insolation and Pacific forcing of late glacial through Holocene climate in the Central Mojave Desert (Silver Lake, CA). Quaternary Research. 84:174–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Lund S, Anderson M, Bird B. 2007. Insolation forcing of Holocene climate change in Southern California: a sediment study from Lake Elsinore. Journal of Paleolimnology. 38(3):395–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby ME, Lund SP, Patterson WP, Anderson MA, Bird BW, Ivanovici L, Monarrez P, Nielsen S. 2010. A Holocene record of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)-related hydrologic variability in Southern California (Lake Elsinore, CA). Journal of Paleolimnology. 44:819–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korup O. 2002. Recent research on landslide dams – a literature review with special attention to New Zealand. Progress in Physical Geography. 26:206–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl S, Alexander C, Blair N, Harris C, Marsaglia K, Ogstone A, Orpin A, Roering J, Bever A, Bilderback E, et al. 2016. A source to sink perspective of the Waipaoa River margin. Earth Science Reviews. 153:301–334. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeck K, Rouby H, Purcell A, Sun Y, Sambridge M. 2014. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 15296.
   Google Scholar
• Large MF, Braggins JE. 1991. Spore atlas of New Zealand ferns and fern allies. Supplement to: The New Zealand Journal of Botany. D.S.I.R.: Wellington. 167p.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis KB, Pettinga JR. 1993. The emerging, imbricate frontal wedge of the Hikurangi margin. In: P.F. Ballance, editor. South Pacific Sedimentary Basins: Sedimentary Basins of the World, 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V; p. 225–250.
   Google Scholar
• Litchfield NJ, Berryman KR. 2005. Correlation of fluvial terraces within the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand: implications for climate and base level controls. Geomorphology. 68:291–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litchfield NJ, Berryman KR. 2006. Relations between postglacial fluvial incision rates and uplift rates in the North Island, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research. 111. FO2007. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000374. p. 15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litchfield NJ, Ellis S, Berryman K, Nicol A. 2007. Insights into subduction-related uplift along the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, using numerical modelling. Journal of Geophysical Research. 112. FO2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000535.
   Google Scholar
• Lorrey AM, Bostock H. 2017. The climate of New Zealand through the quaternary. In: Shulmeister J., editor. Landscape and Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand. Atlantis Press, Paris: Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science; Vol. 3, p. 67–139.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ, Blaauw M, Hogg AG, Newnham RM. 2013. Ages of 24 widespread tephras erupted since 30,000 yrs ago in New Zealand, with re-evaluation of the timing and palaeoclimatic implications of the late-glacial cool episode recorded at Kaipo bog. Quaternary Science Reviews. 74:170–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe DG, Newnham RM, Ward CM. 1999. Stratigraphy and chronology of a 15 ka sequence of multi-sourced silicic tephras in a montane peat bog in eastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42:565–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ, Shane PAR, Alloway BV, Newnham RM. 2008. Fingerprints and age models for widespread New Zealand tephra marker beds erupted since 30,000 yrs ago: a framework for NZ-INTIMATE. Quaternary Science Reviews. 27:95–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marden M, Betts H, Palmer A, Taylor R, Bilderback E, Litchfield N. 2014. Post-Last Glacial Maximum fluvial incision and sediment generation in the non-glacial Waipaoa catchment, North Island. New Zealand. Geomorphology. 214:283–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marden M, Mazengarb C, Palmer A, Berryman K, Rowan D. 2008. Last-glacial aggradation and postglacial sediment production from the non-glacial Waipaoa and Waimata catchments, Hikurangi Margin, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology. 99:404–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marden M, Rowan D. 1993. Protective value of vegetation on Tertiary terrain before and during Cyclone Bola, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 23:255–263.
   Google Scholar
• MARGINS. 2004. NSF MARGINS Program Science Plans 2004. Margins Office, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. 170 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Marsaglia KM, DeVaughn AM, James DE, Marden M. 2010. Provenance of fluvial terrace sediments within the Waipaoa sedimentary system and their importance to New Zealand source-to-sink studies. Marine Geology. 270:84–93. http://www.nsf.margins.org/Publications/Scienceplans/MARGINS_SciencePlans2004.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazengarb C, Francis DA, Scott GH. 1991. Sheet Y16 Tauwhareparae. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:50 000. Wellington: Department of Scientific & Industrial Research.
   Google Scholar
• Mazengarb C, Speden IG. 2000. Geology of the Raukumara area. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 6. 1 sheet + 60p. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited.
   Google Scholar
• McGlone MS. 2001. A late Quaternary pollen record from marine core P69, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44:69–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone MS, Newnham RM, Moar NT. 2010. The vegetation cover of New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum: do pollen records under-represent woody vegetation? In: Haberle S, Prebble M, Stevenson J, editors. Altered ecologies: fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes. Terra Australis, vol. 32. Canberra: ANU Press; p. 49–68.
   Google Scholar
• McGlone MS, Salinger MJ, Moar NT. 1993. Palaeovegetation studies of New Zealand’s climate since the Last Glacial Maximum. In: Wright H.E., Kutzbach J.E., Webb T., Ruddiman W.F., Street-Perrott F.A., Bartlein P.J., editors. Global climates since the Last Glacial Maximum. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; p. 294–317.
   Google Scholar
• McGlone MS, Topping WW. 1997. Aranuian (post-glacial) pollen diagrams from the Tongariro region, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 15:749–760.
   Google Scholar
• Moar NT. 1993. Pollen grains of New Zealand Dicotyledonous plants. Lincoln, Canterbury: Manaaki Whenua Press; p. 200.
   Google Scholar
• Moar NT, Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS. 2011. Standardising names applied to pollen and spores in New Zealand Quaternary palynology. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 49:201–229. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2010.526617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore PD, Webb JA, Collison ME. 1991. Pollen analysis. Blackwell Scientific Inc. 216 p.
   Google Scholar
• National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation. 1976. New Zealand Land Resource Inventory worksheets. Wellington, New Zealand, New Zealand Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Newnham RM, Eden DN, Lowe DJ, Hendy CH. 2003. Rerewhakaaitu Tephra, a land–sea marker for the Last Termination in New Zealand, with implications for global climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews. 22:289–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnham RM, Lowe DJ. 2000. Fine resolution pollen record of late-glacial climate reversal from New Zealand. Geology. 28:59–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnham RM, Lowe DJ, Green JD. 1989. Palynology, vegetation and climate of the Waikato lowlands, North Island, New Zealand since c. 18,000 yrs ago. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 19:127–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnham RM, Vandergoes MJ, Sikes E, Carter L, Wilmhurst JM, Lowe DJ, McGlone MS, Sandiford A. 2012. Does the bipolar seesaw extend to the terrestrial southern mid-latitudes? Quaternary Science Reviews. 36:214–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orpin AR, Carter L, Page MJ, Cochran UA, Trustrum NA, Gomez B, Palmer AS, Mildenhall DC, Rogers KM, Brackley HL, Northcote L. 2010. Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Tutira: a template for upland watershed erosion proximal to the Waipaoa Sedimentary System, northeastern New Zealand. Marine Geology. 1-4:11–29. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/jmargeo.2009.10.022.
   Google Scholar
• Page MJ, Lucovic B. 2011. An inventory of deep-seated landslides in the Waipaoa and Waimata catchments. Geological and Nuclear Sciences Report 2011/08. p. 75.
   Google Scholar
• Page MJ, Tustrum NA, Oprin AR, Carter L, Gomez B, Cochran US, Mildenhall DC, Rogers KM, Brackley HL, Palmer AS, Northcote L. 2009. Storm frequency and magnitude in response to Holocene climate variability, Lake Tutira, North-Eastern New Zealand. Marine Geology. 270:30–44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedro JB, van Ommen TD, Rasmussen SO, Morgan V I, Chappellaz J, Moy AD, Masson-Delmotte V, Delmotte M. 2011. The last deglaciation: timing the bipolar seesaw. Clim. Past. 7(2):671–683. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-671-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pere V. 2003. Formation and consequences of the Totangi landslide dam in the Ngatapa Valley, Gisborne, New Zealand. [MSc Thesis] University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin ND, Hancox GT. 1991. Landslide-dammed lakes in New Zealand - preliminary studies on their distribution, causes and effects. Landslides. Rotterdam: Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Peti L, Hopkins JL, Augustinus P. 2021. Revised tephrochronology for key tephras in the 130-ka Ōrākei Basin maar core, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand: implications for the timing of climatic changes, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2020.1867200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettinga JR. 1987a. Waipoapoa landslide: a deep-seated complex block slide in Tertiary weak-rock flysch, Southern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 30:401–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettinga JR. 1987b. Ponui landslide: a deep-seated wedge failure in Tertiary weak-rock flysch, Southern Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 30:415–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JD, Marden M, Gomez B. 2007. Residence time of alluvium in an aggrading fluvial system. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 32:307–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillans B, McGlone M, Palmer A, Mildenhall D, Alloway B, Berger G. 1993. The Last Glacial Maximum in central and southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmental reconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra formation as a chronostratigraphic marker. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 101:383–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouderoux H, Proust J-N, Lamarche G. 2014. Submarine paleoseismology of the northern Hikurangi subduction margin of New Zealand as deduced from turbidite record since 16 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews. 84:116–131. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev. 2013.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pribyl P, Shuman BN. 2017. A computational approach to Quaternary lake-level reconstruction applied in the central Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Quaternary Research. 82:249–259.
   Google Scholar
• Proust J, Lamarche G, Migeon S, Neil HL, Shipboard-party, 2006. Tectonic and climatic controls on sediment budget. MD152/MATACORE on R.V. Marion-Dufresne.
   Google Scholar
• Pullar WA. 1972. Isopachs of Tephra, Central North Island, New Zealand. Scale 1:1 000 000. New Zealand Soil Bureau maps 133/8–14 to accompany New Zealand Soil Survey Report 31. Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Read SAL, Beetham RD, Riley PB. 1991. Lake Waikaremoana barrier - A large landslide dam in New Zealand. Landslides. Rotterdam: Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Shuman BN, Serravezza M. 2017. Patterns of hydroclimatic change in the Rocky Mountains and surrounding regions since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews. 173:58–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RJ, Massey C, Fuller IC, Marden M, Archibald G, Ries W. 2018. Quantifying sediment connectivity in an actively eroding gully complex, Waipaoa catchment. New Zealand. Geomorphology. 307:24–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnes DJ. 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Shuster RL, Krizek RJ, editors. Landslides, analysis and control. Special report. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences; p. 176.
   Google Scholar
• Vucetich CG, Pullar WA. 1964. Stratigraphy of Holocene ash in the Rotorua and Gisborne districts. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin. 73:43–88.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace LM, Cochran UA, Power WL, Clark KJ. 2014. Earthquake and tsunami potential of the Hikurangi subduction thrust, New Zealand: Insights from paleoseismology, GPS, and tsunami modeling. Oceanography. 27:104–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace LM, Saffer DM, Barnes PM, Pecher IA, Petronotis KE, LeVay LJ, the Expedition 372/375 Scientists. 2019. Hikurangi subduction margin coring, logging, and observatories. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 372B/375: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). DOI:https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.372B375.2019
   Google Scholar
• Wardle P. 1991. Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. 672 p.
   Google Scholar
• Williams PW, Neil HL, Zhao J-X. 2010. Age frequency distribution and revised stable isotope curves for New Zealand speleothems: palaeoclimatic implications. International Journal of Speleology. 39:99–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS, Partridge TR. 1997. A late Holocene history of natural disturbance in lowland podocarp/hardwood forest, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35:79–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson K, Litchfield NJ, Berryman K, Little T. 2007. Distribution, age and uplift patterns of Pleistocene marine terraces of the northern Raukumara Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 50:181–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar