0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Redistribution of fine gold from hydrothermal sources to sedimentary sinks, Rakaia River, Canterbury, New Zealand

&
Received 20 Apr 2024, Accepted 17 Jul 2024, Published online: 07 Aug 2024

References

  • Allan GC, Woodcock JT. 2001. A review of the flotation of native gold and electrum. Minerals Engineering. 14:931–962. doi:10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00103-0.
  • Becker J, Craw D, Horton T, Chamberlain CP. 2000. Gold mineralisation near the Main Divide, upper Wilberforce valley, Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 43:199–215. doi:10.1080/00288306.2000.9514881.
  • Bender-Whitaker C, Marsaglia KM, Browne GH, Jaeger JM. 2018. Sedimentary processes and sequence stratigraphy of a Quaternary siliciclastic shelf-slope system: insights from sand provenance studies, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand. In: Ingersoll RV, Lawton TF, Graham SA, editors. Geological Society of America Special Paper 540.1–38. doi:10.1130/SPE540.
  • Boyle RW. 1979. The geochemistry of gold and its deposits. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. 280:579 pp.
  • Browne GH. 2002. A large-scale flood event in 1994 from the mid-Canterbury Plains, New Zealand, and implications for ancient fluvial deposits. In: Martini IP, Baker VR, Garzon G, editors. Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples. Special Publication International Association of Sedimentologists; p. 99–109.
  • Browne GH. 2004. Downstream fining and sorting of gravel clasts in the braided rivers of mid-Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer. 60:2–14. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2004.tb01708.x.
  • Browne GH, Naish TR. 2003. Facies development and sequence architecture of a late Quaternary fluvial-marine transition, Canterbury Plains and shelf, New Zealand: Implications for forced regressive deposits. Sedimentary Geology. 158:57–86. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00258-0.
  • Chapman RJ, Craw D, Moles NR, Banks DA, Grimshaw MR. 2022. Evaluation of the contributions of gold derived from hypogene, supergene and surficial processes in the formation of placer gold deposits. Geological Society of London Special Publication. 516:291–311. doi:10.1144/SP516-2020-260.
  • Churchman GJ, Hunt JL, Glasby GP, Renner RM, Griffith GA. 1988. Input of river-derived sediment to the New Zealand continental shelf: II Mineralogy and composition. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 27:397–411. doi:10.1016/0272-7714(88)90096-0.
  • Cox SC, Barrell DJA. 2007. Geology of the Aoraki area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 15. 1 sheet + 71 pp. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences.
  • Craw D. 2010. Delayed accumulation of placers during exhumation of orogenic gold in southern New Zealand. Ore Geology Reviews. 37:224–235. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.03.006.
  • Craw D, Burridge CP, Upton P, Rowe DL, Waters JM. 2008. Evolution of biological dispersal corridors through a tectonically active mountain range in New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography. 35:1790–1802. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01936.x.
  • Craw D, Koons PO, Horton T, Chamberlain CP. 2002. Tectonically driven fluid flow and gold mineralisation in active collisional orogenic belts: comparison between. New Zealand and western Himalaya.Tectonophysics. 348:135–153.
  • Craw D, Leckie DA. 1996. Tectonic controls on dispersal of gold into a foreland basin: an example from the western Canada foreland basin. Journal of Sedimentary Research. Section A, Sedimentary Petrology and Processes. 66:559–566.
  • Craw D, Phillips N, Vearncombe J. 2023. Unconformities and gold in New Zealand: Potential analogues for the Archean Witwatersrand of South Africa. Minerals. 13:1041. doi:10.3390/min13081041.
  • Craw D, Upton P, Horton T, Williams J. 2013. Migration of hydrothermal systems in an evolving collisional orogen, New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita. 48:233–248. doi:10.1007/s00126-012-0421-8.
  • Craw D, Upton P, MacKenzie DJ. 2009. Hydrothermal alteration styles in ancient and modern orogenic gold deposits, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 52:11–26. doi:10.1080/00288300909509874.
  • Craw D, Youngson JH, Koons PO. 1999. Gold dispersal and placer formation in an active oblique collisional mountain belt, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Economic Geology. 94:605–614. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.94.5.605.
  • Craw D, Youngson JH, Leckie DA. 2006. Transport and concentration of detrital gold in foreland basins. Ore Geology Reviews. 28:417–430. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.03.006.
  • Dill HG. 2018. Gems and placers—A genetic relationship par excellence. Minerals. 8:470. doi:10.3390/min8100470.
  • Eyles N. 1990. Glacially derived, shallow-marine gold placers of the Cape Yakataga district, Gulf of Alaska. Sedimentary Geology. 68:171–175. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(90)90110-F.
  • Field BD, Browne GH. 1989. Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary basins and geological evolution of the Canterbury region, South Island, New Zealand. Basin Studies 2, New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 94 pp.
  • Garnett RHT, Bassett NC. 2005. Placer deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary volume, pp. 813-843.
  • Goldfarb RJ, Baker T, Dube B, Groves DI, Hart CJR, Gosselin P. 2005. Distribution, character, and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume:407–450.
  • Goldfarb RJ, Pitcairn I. 2023. Orogenic gold: is a genetic association with magmatism realistic? Mineralium Deposita. 58:5–35. doi:10.1007/s00126-022-01146-8.
  • Griffiths GA, McSaveney MJ. 1983. Distribution of mean annual precipitation across some steepland regions of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science. 26:197–209.
  • Groves DI, Santosh M, Goldfarb RJ, Zhang L. 2018. Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits. Geoscience Frontiers. 9:1163–1177.
  • Henley RW, Adams J. 1979. On the evolution of giant gold placers. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 88:B41–B50.
  • Herzer RH. 1981. Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Canterbury continental shelf. Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 89. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
  • Hicks DM, Shankar U, McKerchar AI, Basher L, Jessen M, Lynn I, Page M. 2011. Suspended sediment yields from New Zealand rivers. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand). 50:81–142.
  • Hyatt OM, Shulmeister J, Evans DJA, Thackray GD, Rieser U. 2012. Sedimentology of a debris-rich, perhumid valley glacier margin in the Rakaia Valley, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Quaternary Science. 27:699–671. doi:10.1002/jqs.2556.
  • Keene H. 1995. Going for gold: the search for riches in the Wilberforce valley. Christchurch: Department of Conservation.
  • Kerr G, Falconer D, Reith F, Craw D. 2017. Transport-related mylonitic ductile deformation and shape change of alluvial gold, southern New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology. 361:52–63. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.09.019.
  • Kirk RM. 1991. River-beach interaction on mixed sand and gravel coasts: a geomorphic model for water resource planning. Applied Geography. 11:267–287. doi:10.1016/0143-6228(91)90018-5.
  • Knight JB, Morison SR, Mortensen JK. 1999. The relationship between placer gold particle shape, rimming and distance of fluvial transport; as exemplified by gold from the Klondike District, YukonTerritory, Canada. Economic Geology. 94:635–648. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.94.5.635.
  • Koons PO. 1995. Modeling the topographic evolution of collisional belts. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 23:375–408. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.002111.
  • Lang KA, Ehlers TA, Kamp PJJ, Ring U. 2018. Sediment storage in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: New observations from tracer thermochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 493:140–149. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.016.
  • Leckie DA. 1994. Canterbury Plains, New Zealand: implications for sequence stratigraphic models. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 78:1240–1256.
  • MacKinnon TC. 1983. Origin of the Toflesse terrane and coeval rocks. South Island, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 94:967–985. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<967:OOTTTA>2.0.CO;2.
  • Monte MBM, Lins F, Oliveira JF. 2000. Electrokinetic properties of gold-particles in the presence of several electrolytes and of amyl xanthate. Electrochemistry in Mineral and Metal Processing V: Proceedings of the international symposium. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, USA.
  • NIWA. 2024. Hydro Web Portal, Site 68526, Fighting Hill, Rakaia River; (hydrowebportal.niwa.co.nz), accessed January 2024.
  • Norris RJ, Koons PO, Cooper AF. 1990. The obliquely-convergent plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand: implications for ancient collision zones. Journal of Structural Geology. 12:715–725. doi:10.1016/0191-8141(90)90084-C.
  • Palmer M, Craw D. 2024a. Detrital gold morphology and recycling around the early Miocene St Bathans paleovalley, Central Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. doi:10.1080/00288306.2023.2284281.
  • Palmer M, Craw D. 2024b. Morphology and structural evolution of fine beach gold in comparison to detrital platinum, southern New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita. 59:69–83. doi:10.1007/s00126-023-01200-z.
  • Palmer M, Craw D. 2024c. Fine and super-fine gold in mine waste from a coastal placer in southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. doi:10.1080/00288306.2024.2331475.
  • Palmer M, Ritchie T, Craw D. 2024. Contrasting evolution of beach gold on two sides of an active orogen, Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. doi:10.1080/00288306.2024.2314468.
  • Resentini A, Ando S, Garzanti E. 2018. Quantifying roundness of detrital minerals by image analysis: sediment transport, shape effects, and provenance implications. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 88:276–289. doi:10.2110/jsr.2018.12.
  • Resentini A, Malusa MG, Garzanti E. 2013. MinSORTING: An Excel® worksheet for modelling mineral grain-size distribution in sediments, with application to detrital geochronology and provenance studies. Computers & Geosciences. 59:90–97. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2013.05.015.
  • Reyes AG, Christenson BW, Faure K. 2010. Sources of solutes and heat in low enthalpy mineral waters and their relation to tectonic setting, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanological and Geothermal Research. 192:117–141. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.02.015.
  • Ritchie T, Scott J, Craw D. 2019. Garnet compositions track longshore migration of beach placers in western New Zealand. Economic Geology. 114:513–540. doi:10.5382/econgeo.4647.
  • Roy S, Upton P, Craw D. 2018. Gold in the hills: patterns of placer gold accumulation under dynamic tectonic and climatic conditions. Mineralium Deposita. 53:981–995. doi:10.1007/s00126-017-0789-6.
  • Smale D. 1990. Distribution and provenance of heavy minerals in the South Island: A review. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 33:557–571. doi:10.1080/00288306.1990.10421374.
  • Smith DW, Craw D, Koons PO. 1996. Tectonic hydrothermal gold mineralisation in the outboard zone of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39:201–209. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514705.
  • Smith TR, Cole JW. 1996. Stratigraphic and petrological variation of the Mount Somers Volcanics Group, mid Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39:445–460. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514725.
  • Soons JM, Gullentops FW. 1973. Glacial advances in the Rakaia valley, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 16:425–438. doi:10.1080/00288306.1973.10431369.
  • Tan LP, Chen CH, Yeh TK, Takeuchi A. 1994. Tectonic and geochemical characteristics of Pleistocene gold deposits in Taiwan. In: Jones M, Cosgrove J, editors. Neotectonics and Resources. London: Bellhaven Press; p. 290–305.
  • Templeton AS, Craw D, Koons PO, Chamberlain CP. 1999. Near-surface expression of a young mesothermal gold mineralising system, Sealy Range, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita. 34:163–172. doi:10.1007/s001260050193.
  • Townley BK, Herail G, Maksaev V, Palacios C, De Parseval P, Sepulveda F, Orellana R, Rivas P, Ulloa C. 2003. Gold grain morphology and composition as an exploration tool: application to gold exploration in covered areas. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 3:29–38. doi:10.1144/1467-787302-042.
  • Upton P, Craw D. 2016. Coeval emplacement and orogen-parallel transport of gold in oblique convergent orogens. Tectonophysics. 693:197–209. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.015.
  • Upton P, Craw D, Yu B, Chen Y-G. 2011. Controls on fluid flow in transpressive orogens, Taiwan and New Zealand. In: Fagereng A, Toy V, Rowland JV, editors. Geology of the Earthquake Source. Geological Society of London Special Paper 359. p. 249–265. doi:10.1144/SP359.14.
  • Upton P, Koons PO, Craw D, Henderson CM, Enlow R. 2009. Along-strike differences in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: consequences of inherited variation in rheology. Tectonics. 28:TC2007. doi:10.1029/2008TC002353.
  • Villaseñor T, Jaeger JM, Foster DA. 2016. Linking Late Pleistocene alpine glacial erosion and continental margin sedimentation: Insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of silt-sized sediment, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 433:303–316. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.008.
  • Villaseñor T, Jaeger JM, Marsaglia KM, Browne GH. 2015. Evaluation of the relative roles of global versus local sedimentary controls on Middle to Late Pleistocene formation of continental margin strata, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand. Sedimentology. 62:1118–1148. doi:10.1111/sed.12181.
  • Wallace LM, Beavan J, McCaffrey R, Berryman K, Denys P. 2007. Balancing the plate motion budget in the South Island, New Zealand using GPS, geological and seismological data. Geophysical Journal International. 168:332–352. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03183.x.
  • Williams GJ. 1974. Economic Geology of New Zealand. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 4: 490 pp; Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
  • Wilson DD. 1985. Erosional and depositional trends in rivers of the Canterbury plains, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand). 24:32–44.
  • Youngson JH, Craw D. 1999. Variation in placer style, gold morphology, and gold particle behavior down gravel bed-load rivers: an example from the Shotover/Arrow-Kawarau-Clutha river system, Otago, New Zealand. Economic Geology. 94:615–634. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.94.5.615.