School Principals’ Experiences and Learning from the Covid-19 Pandemic in Norway

References

• Ahlström, B., Leo, U., Norqvist, L., & Isling, P. (2020). School leadership as (un)usual. Insights from principals in Sweden during a pandemic. In D. Gurr (Ed.), International studies in educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 35–41). CCEAM.
   Google Scholar
• Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger, C., & Plünnecke, A. (2020). Schulische bildung zu zeiten der corona-krise. Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, 21(4), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1515/pwp-2020-0055
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, K., & Breslin, D. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic: What can we learn from past research in organizations and management. International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, S., Landon, L. B., Dorrian, J., Waggoner, L. B., Centofanti, S. A., Roma, P. G., & Van Dongen, H. P. (2019). Effects of fatigue on teams and their role in 24/7 operations. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 48, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, G., Hulme, M., Clarke, L., Hamilton, L., & Harvey, J. A. (2021). ‘People miss people’: A study of school leadership and management in the four nations of the United Kingdom in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220987841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group & Organization Management, 27(1), 14–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601102027001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besser, A., Flett, G. L., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2020). Adaptability to a sudden transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the challenges for students. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000198
   Google Scholar
• Blikstad-Balas, M., Roe, A., Dalland, C. P., & Klette, K. (2022). Homeschooling in Norway during the pandemic-digital learning with unequal access to qualified help at home and unequal learning opportunities provided by the school. In F. M. Reimers (Ed.), Primary and secondary education during Covid-19 (pp. 177–201). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Boin, A., Kuipers, S., & Overdijk, W. (2013). Leadership in times of crisis: A framework for assessment. International Review of Public Administration, 18(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2013.10805241
   Google Scholar
• Bol, T. (2020). Inequality in homeschooling during the Corona crisis in the Netherlands. First results from the LISS Panel. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/hf32q
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J., & Dempsey, M. (2020). Covid-19 practice in primary schools in Ireland report. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14091.03369
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. (2015). The value of communication during a crisis: Insights from strategic communication research. Business Horizons, 58(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 5th ed. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Delcker, J., & Ifenthaler, D. (2021). Teachers’ perspective on school development at German vocational schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1857826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMatthews, D., Carrola, P., Reyes, P., & Knight, D. (2021). School leadership burnout and job-related stress: Recommendations for district administrators and principals. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 94(4), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2021.1894083
   Google Scholar
• Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of Covid-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
   Google Scholar
• Dirani, K., Abadi, M., Alizadeh, A., Barhate, B., Garza, R., Gunasekara, N., Ibrahim, G., & Majzun, Z. (2020). Leadership competencies and the essential role of human resource development in times of crisis: A response to Covid-19 pandemic. Human Resource Development International, 23(4), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1780078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxbury, L., Lyons, S., & Higgins, C. (2008). Too much to do, and not enough time: An examination of role overload. In K. Karabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp. 125–140). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000062
   Google Scholar
• Education act. (1998). Act No. 61 of 17 July 1998 relating to primary and secondary education and training. https://lovdata.no/lov/1998-07-17-61
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, A. A., & Shaw, G. P. (2020). Academic leadership in a time of crisis: The coronavirus and COVID-19. Journal of Leadership Studies, 14(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, K. P., & Aguinis, H. (2022). How to prevent and combat employee burnout and create healthier workplaces during crises and beyond. Business Horizons, 65(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, A. (1985). Sketch of a psychological phenomenological method. In A. Giorgi (Ed.), Phenomenology and psychological research (pp. 8–22). Duquesne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government. (2021, February 1). Tidslinje: myndighetenes håndtering av koronasituasjonen. https://www.regjeringen.no/tema/Koronasituasjonen/tidslinje-koronaviruset/id2692402/
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, K., & Zubrick, S. (2015). Children and young people at risk of disengagement from school: Literature review. Commissioner for Children and Young People, Western Australia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281257513
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2020). COVID 19 – school leadership in disruptive times. School Leadership & Management, 40(4), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1811479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauken, M. A., & Larsen, T. (2019). Young adult cancer patients’ experiences of private social network support during cancer treatment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(15–16), 2953–2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, P. J., & Weisband, S. P. (2003). Knowledge sharing and shared understanding in virtual teams. In C. B. Gibson, & S. G. Cohen (Eds.), Virtual teams that work: Creating conditions for virtual team effectiveness (pp. 21–36). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• James, E. H., & Wooten, L. P. (2005). Leadership as (un)usual: How to display competence in times of crisis. Organizational Dynamics, 34(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2005.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, E., Wooten, L., & Dushek, K. (2011). Crisis management: Informing a new leadership research agenda. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 455–493. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.589594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, M. H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2006). The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture and individual acceptance of change during a merger. British Journal of Management, 17(S1), S81–S103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00480.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., … Vugt, M. V. (2021). Covid-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Det kvalitative forskningsintervju. 2nd ed. Gyldendal Akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological psychology: Theory, research and method. Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J.-Y., Sun, R., Tao, W., & Lee, Y. (2020). Employee coping with organizational change in the face of a pandemic: The role of transparent internal communication. Public Relations Review, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., & Broad, J. D. (in press). Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organizational Dynamics, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100817
   Google Scholar
• Malterud, K. (2001). Qualitative research: Standards, challenges, and guidelines. The Lancet, 358(9280), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05627-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, S., & Dulsky, S. (2021). Resilience, reorientation, and reinvention: School leadership during the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Education, 6, 70. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.637075
   Google Scholar
• Netolicky, D. M. (2020). School leadership during a pandemic: Navigating tensions. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-05-2020-0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell, A., & Clarke, S. (2020). A school in the grip of Covid-19: Musings from the principal’s office. International Studies in Educational Administration, 48(2), 4–11.
   Google Scholar
• Örtqvist, D., & Wincent, J. (2006). Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.399
   Google Scholar
• Pepper, M. J., London, T. D., Dishman, M. L., & Lewis, J. L. (2010). Leading schools during crisis: What school administrators must know. Rowman & Littlefield Education.
   Google Scholar
• Smawfield, D. (2013). Education and natural disasters: Education as a humanitarian response. Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, S. A., Howell, J. M., & Hadley, C. N. (2016). Keeping positive and building strength: The role of affect and team leadership in developing resilience during an organizational crisis. Group & Organization Management, 41(2), 172–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115578027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. (2020, December 17). Elever i grunnskolen. https://ssb.no/utgrs
   Google Scholar
• Stensaker, I., Meyer, C. B., Falkenberg, J., & Haueng, A. C. (2002). Excessive change: Coping mechanisms and consequences. Organizational Dynamics, 31(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00115-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, R. J. (2004). Why do educational innovations come and go? What do we know? What can we do? Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(4), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglietti, D., Landri, P., & Grimaldi, E. (2021). The big acceleration in digital education in Italy: The COVID-19 pandemic and the blended-school form. European Educational Research Journal, 20(4), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211021246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela, D. G., & Fedynich, L. (2020). Leading schools from a social distance: Survey south Texas school district leadership during the Covid-19 pandemic. National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 38(4), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, J. L., & Morgan, G. (2002). Stronger in broken places: Nine lessons for turning crisis into triumph. Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wooten, L. P., & James, E. H. (2008). Linking crisis management and leadership competencies: The role of human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(3), 352–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308316450
   Google Scholar