Are Physical Activity Resources Understandable as Disseminated? A Meta-Analysis of Readability Studies

References

• * Ahmed, O. H. , Sullivan, S. J. , Schneiders, A. G. , & McCrory, P. R. (2012). Concussion information online: Evaluation of information quality, content and readability of concussion-related websites. British Journal of Sports Medicine , 46, 675–683. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.081620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, B. E. (2009). The translation of health research in kinesiology. Quest , 61, 84–92. doi:10.1080/00336297.2009.10483603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, J. , De Guzman, C. , Acebo, P. , Paiva, D. , Faulkner, M. , & Swanson, J. (1996). Readability of patient education resources: Implications for clinical practice. Applied Nursing Research , 9, 139–143. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(96)80254-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Kinesiology Association . (2015). Definition of kinesiology . Retrieved from http://www.americankinesiology.org/about-us/about-us/about-aka
   Google Scholar
• Aromataris, E. , & Riitano, D. (2014). Constructing a search strategy and searching for evidence: A guide to the literature search for a systematic review. The American Journal of Nursing , 4, 49–56. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000446779.99522.f6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, J. E. , Mathis, S. , & Wallace, L. S. (2002). Correlates of lifetime physical activity in young women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 34. doi:10.1097/00005768-200205001-00354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur, C. (2010). The national action plan to improve health literacy . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www.nationaloralhealthconference.com/docs/presentations/2010/Cynthia%20Bauer%20-%20National%20Plans%20to%20Improve%20Health%20Literacy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, G. , & Jessani, N. (2011). The knowledge translation toolkit: Bridging the know-do gap: A resource for researchers . New Delhi, India: Sage India.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, T. R. , McCarville, R. E. , & Rhodes, R. E. (2008). Getting to know the competition: A content analysis of publicly and corporate funded physical activity advertisements. Journal of Health Communication , 13, 169–180. doi:10.1080/10810730701854086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, T. R. , Spence, J. C. , Plotnikoff, R. C. , & Bauman, A. (2011). Physical activity information seeking and advertising recall. Health Communication , 26, 246–254. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.549810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betterley, C. , & Dobson, B. (2000). Tools for evaluating written and audiovisual nutrition education materials. The Journal of Extension , 38. https://www.joe.org/joe/2000august/tt3.php
   Google Scholar
• Birru, M. S. , Monaco, V. M. , Charles, L. , Drew, H. , Njie, V. , Bierria, T. , … Steinman, R. A. (2004). Internet usage by low-literacy adults seeking health information: An observational analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research , 6. Retrieved from https://www.jmir.org/2004/3/e25/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnar-Kidd, K. K. , Black, D. R. , Mattson, M. , & Coster, D. (2009). Online physical activity information: Will typical users find quality information? Health Communication , 24, 165–175. doi:10.1080/10410230802676763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M. , Hedges, L. V. , Higgins, J. , & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis . West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M. , Hedges, L. V. , Higgins, J. , & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed‐effect and random‐effects models for meta‐analysis. Research Synthesis Methods , 1, 97–111. doi:10.1002/jrsm.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, M. D. , & Feldman, R. H. L. (1984). Health information seeking and reading and comprehension abilities of cardiac rehabilitation patients. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , 4, 343–347. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289046367_Health_information_seeking_and_reading_and_comprehension_abilities_of_cardiac_rehabilitation_patients
   Google Scholar
• Brawley, L. R. , Gierc, M. S. H. , & Locke, S. R. (2013). Powering adherence to physical activity by changing self-regulatory skills and beliefs: Are kinesiologists ready to counsel? Kinesiology Review , 2, 4–16. doi:10.1123/krj.2.1.4
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. R. , Ludwig, R. , Buck, G. A. , Durham, M. D. , Shumard, T. , & Graham, S. S. (2004). Health literacy: Universal precautions needed. Journal of Allied Health , 33, 150–155. Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asahp/jah/2004/00000033/00000002/art00011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke-Garcia, A. , & Scally, G. (2014). Trending now: Future directions in digital media for the public health sector. Journal of Public Health , 36, 527–534. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdt125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabro, K. , Taylor, W. C. , & Kapadia, A. (1996). Pregnancy, alcohol use and the effectiveness of written health education materials. Patient Education and Counseling , 29, 301–330. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(96)00944-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Cardinal, B. J. (1993). Readability of printed resources on exercise. Wellness Perspectives: Research, Theory, and Practice , 9(2), 48–55.
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (1995a). Development and evaluation of stage-matched written resources about lifestyle and structured physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills , 80, 543–546. doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (1995b). Readability analysis of health, physical education, recreation, and dance journal articles. Perceptual and Motor Skills , 80, 255–258. doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2000). (Un)informed consent in exercise and sport science research? A comparison of forms written for two reading levels. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71, 295–301. doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2002a). Advertising content in physical activity print materials. American Journal of Health Promotion , 15, 255–258. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-16.5.255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2002b). Decisional balance scale for exercise behavior: A brief commentary with guidelines for item construction. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science , 6, 249–253. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0604_4
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2014). Physical activity psychology research: Where have we been? Where are we going? Kinesiology Review , 3, 44–52. doi:10.1123/kr.2014-0036
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2015). The 2015 C.H. McCloy Lecture: Road trip toward more inclusive physical activity: Maps, mechanics, detours, and traveling companions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 86(4), 319–328. doi:10.1080/02701367.2015.1088766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. (2016). Physical activity education’s contributions to public health and interdisciplinary studies: Documenting more than individual health benefits. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance , 87, 3–5. doi:10.1080/07303084.2016.1142182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. , Austin, S. C. , Cluster, M. A. , Rasquinha, A. M. , Rodenberg, S. A. , & Thomas, J. D. (2017). Exercise and sport attire marketing: Message framing, orientation, and worldview. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 88(Suppl. 1), A34–A35. doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1295756
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. , Kang, M. , Farnsworth, J. L., II , & Welk, G. J. (2015). Historical context and current status of the intersection of physical activity and public health: Results of the 2015 American Kinesiology Association’s opportunities for kinesiology survey. Kinesiology Review , 4(4), 329–345. doi:10.1123/kr.2015-0033
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. , Martin, J. J. , & Sachs, M. L. (1996). Readability analysis of written informed consent forms used in exercise and sport psychology research. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 67, 360–362. doi:10.1080/02701367.1996.10607965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. , Rogers, K. A. , Kuo, B. , Locklear, R. L. , Comfort, K. E. , & Cardinal, M. K. (2015). Critical discourse analysis of motivational content in commercially available exercise DVDs: Body capital on display or psychological capital being developed? Sociology of Sport Journal , 32(4), 452–470. doi:10.1123/ssj.2014-0157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Cardinal, B. J. , & Sachs, M. (1992). An analysis of the readability of exercise promoting literature with implications and suggestions for practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 63, 186–190. doi:10.1080/02701367.1992.10607579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J. , & Seidler, T. L. (1995). Readability and comprehensibility of the “Exercise Lite” brochure. Perceptual and Motor Skills , 80, 399–402. doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente, S. , Ibrahim, S. , Crichton, N. , Wolf, M. , & Rowlands, G. (2009). Complex interventions to improve the health of people with limited literacy: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling , 75, 340–351. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillside. NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cotton, D. J. , & Gallemore, S. L. (1984). In quest of practical communication. Quest , 36, 177–180. doi:10.1080/00336297.1984.10483812
   Google Scholar
• Coulter, A. (1998). Evidence based patient information is important, so there needs to be a national strategy to ensure it. British Medical Journal , 317, 225–227. Retrieved from http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC1113581/pdf/225.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, A. , & Ellins, J. (2007). Effectiveness of strategies for informing, educating, and involving patients. BMJ , 335, 24–27. doi:10.1136/bmj.39246.581169.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, L. T. , Van Wagenen, S. A. , Brown, B. A. , Hedin, R. J. , Seino-Stephan, Y. , Hall., P. C. , & West, J. H. (2013). Apps of steel. Are exercise apps providing consumers with realistic expectations? A content analysis of exercise apps for presence of behavior change theory. Health Education & Behavior , 40, 133–139. doi:10.1177/1090198112452126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. F. , Ellsworth, M. A. , Payne, H. E. , Hall, S. M. , West, J. H. , & Nordhagen, A. L. (2016). Health behavior theory in popular calorie counting apps: A content analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth , 4. doi:10.2196/mhealth.4177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCoster, J. (2009). Meta-Analysis Notes . Institute for Social Science Research, University of Alabama. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from, http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html
   Google Scholar
• Deeks, J. J. , Dinnes, J. , D’amico, R. , Sowden, A. J. , Sakarovitch, C. , Song, F. , … Altman, D. G. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) , 7(27), iii–x. doi:10.3310/hta7270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DerSimonian, R. , & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials , 7, 177–188. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeWalt, D. A. , Broucksou, K. A. , Hawk, V. , Brach, C. , Hink, A. , Rudd, R. , & Callahan, L. (2011). Developing and testing the health literacy universal precautions toolkit. Nursing Outlook , 59, 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2010.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWalt, D. A. , Malone, R. M. , Bryant, M. E. , Kosnar, M. C. , Corr, K. E. , Rothman, R. L. , … Pignone, M. P. (2006). A heart failure self-management program for patients of all literacy levels: A randomized, controlled trial [ISRCTN11535170]. BMC Health Services Research , 6. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-6-30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson, K. (2005). Publication bias: Recognizing the problem, understanding its origins and scope, and preventing harm. In H. R. Rothstein , A. J. Stutton , & M. Borenstein (Eds.), Publication bias in meta-analyses: Prevention, Assessment, and Adjustments (pp. 11–34). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Doak, C. C. , Doak, L. G. , & Root, J. H. (1996). Teaching patients with low literacy skills (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Doak, L. G. , & Doak, C. C. (1980). Patient comprehension profiles: Recent findings and strategies. Patient Counselling and Health Education , 2, 101–106. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(80)80049-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doshi, A. , Patrick, K. , Sallis, J. F. , & Calfas, K. (2003). Evaluation of physical activity web sites for use of behavior change theories. Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 25, 105–111. PMID: 12704012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, S. H. , & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 52, 377–384. doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S. , & Tweedie, R. (2000a). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association , 95, 89–98. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S. , & Tweedie, R. (2000b). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta‐analysis. Biometrics , 56, 455–463. doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckman, M. H. , Wise, R. , Leonard, A. C. , Dixon, E. , Burrows, C. , Khan, F. , & Warm, E. (2012). Impact of health literacy on outcome and effectiveness of an educational intervention in patients with chronic disease. Patient Education and Counseling , 87, 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M. , Smith, G. D. , Schneider, M. , & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ , 315, 629–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * El-Haddad, N. , Spooner, C. , Faruqi, N. , Denney-Wilson, E. , & Harris, M. (2016). Readability and content analysis of lifestyle education resources for weight management in Australian general practice. BMC Obesity , 3. doi:10.1186/s40608-016-0097-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, S. L. , Golden, S. H. , Stewart, K. , Sutherland, J. , DeGross, S. , Brown, T. , & Hill-Briggs, F. (2016). Effect of DECIDE (Decision-making Education for Choices In Diabetes Everyday) program delivery modalities on clinical and behavioral outcomes in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Diabetes Care , 39, 2149–2157. doi:10.2337/dc16-0941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainforth, H. L. , Barg, C. J. , Latimer, A. E. , Schmid, K. L. , O’Malley, D. , & Salovey, P. (2011). An investigation of the theoretical content of physical activity brochures. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 12, 615–620. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gal, I. , & Prigat, A. (2005). Why organizations continue to create patient information leaflets with readability and usability problems: An exploratory study. Health Education Research , 20, 485–493. doi:10.1093/her/cyh009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Ganta, A. , Yi, P. H. , Hussein, K. , & Frank, R. M. (2014). Readability of sports medicine-related patient educational materials from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. The American Journal of Orthopedics , 43, E65–E68. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24730006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gazni, A. (2011). Are the abstracts of high impact articles more readable? Investigating the evidence from top research institutions in the world. Journal of Information Science , 37, 273–281. doi:10.1177/0165551511401658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, D. L. (2007). Integration: The key to sustaining kinesiology in higher education. Quest , 59, 269–286. doi:10.1080/00336297.2007.10483552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleser, L. J. , & Olkin, I. (2009). Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In H. Cooper , L. V. Hedges , & J. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 357–376). New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• * Gorczynski, P. , & Patel, H. (2014). Quality of online physical activity information for long-haul truck drivers. International Journal of Workplace Health Management , 7, 40–53. doi:10.1108/IJWHM-06-2013-0021
   Google Scholar
• * Gorczynski, P. , Patel, H. , & Ganguli, R. (2013). Evaluating the accuracy, quality, and readability of online physical activity, exercise, and sport information for people with schizophrenia. Mental Health and Physical Activity , 6, 95–99. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. , Thompson, S. G. , Deeks, J. J. , & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ , 327(7414), 557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T. , & Green, S. (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration , 2011. Retrieved from www.handbook.cochrane.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hill-Briggs, F. , Lazo, M. , Peyrot, M. , Doswell, A. , Chang, Y.-T. , Hill, M. N. , & Bancati, F. L. (2011). Effect of problem-solving-based diabetes self-management training on diabetes control in a low income patient sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 26, 972–980. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1689-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill-Briggs, F. , Lazo, M. , Renosky, R. , & Ewing, C. (2008). Usability of a diabetes and cardiovascular disease education module in an African American, diabetic sample with physical, visual, and cognitive impairments. Rehabilitation Psychology , 53, 1–8. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.53.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Hill-Briggs, F. , & Smith, A. S. (2008). Evaluation of diabetes and cardiovascular disease print patient education resources for use with low health literate populations. Diabetes Care , 31, 667–671. doi:10.2337/dc07-1365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberty, J. , Dinkel, D. , Beets, M. W. , & Coleman, J. (2013). Describing the use of the internet for health, physical activity, and nutrition information in pregnant women. Maternal and Child Health Journal , 17, 1363–1372. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1160-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine , 2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetha, A. , Faulkner, G. , Gorczynski, P. , Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. , & Ginis, K. A. M. (2011). Physical activity and individuals with spinal cord injury: Accuracy and quality of information on the Internet. Disability and Health Journal , 4, 112–120. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Johnson, J. L. , & Stern, E. B. (2004). Readability of patient education materials: A comparison of rural and urban cardiac rehabilitation sites in Minnesota. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , 24, 121–127. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jcrjournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2004&issue=03000&article=00010&type=abstract
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, S. H. , & Lee, A. (2016). Health-literacy-sensitive diabetes self-management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing , 13, 324–333. doi:10.1111/wvn.12157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiser, K. , Jonas, D. , Warner, Z. , Scanlon, K. , Shilliday, B. B. , & DeWalt, D. A. (2011). A randomized control trial of a literacy-sensitive self-management intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 27, 190–195. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1867-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl, H. W. , Craig, C. L. , Lambert, E. V. , Inoue, S. , Alkandari, J. R. , & Leetongin, G. ; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group . (2012). The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. The Lancet , 380, 294–305. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosma, M. , Cardinal, B. J. , & McCubbin, J. A. (2005). A pilot study of a web-based physical activity motivational program for adults with physical disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal , 27, 1435–1442. doi:10.1080/09638280500242713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutner, M. , Greenburg, E. , Jin, Y. , & Paulsen, C. (2006). The health literacy of America’s adults: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. NCES 2006-483. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED493284
   Google Scholar
• Lavis, J. N. , Robertson, D. , Woodside, J. M. , McLeod, C. B. , & Abelson, J. (2003). How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision makers? The Milbank Quarterly , 81, 221–248. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. , & Cardinal, B. J. (2014). Understanding psychosocial mechanisms of the influences of acculturation on physical activity participation among ethnic minorities in the United States. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences , 26, 112–123.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. W. , Lee, S. H. , Kim, H. H. , & Kang, S. J. (2012). Effective intervention strategies to improve health outcomes for cardiovascular disease patients with low health literacy skills: A systematic review. Asian Nursing Research , 6, 128–136. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2012.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levay, P. , Ainsworth, N. , Kettle, R. , & Morgan, A. (2015). Identifying evidence for public health guidance: A comparison of citation searching with Web of Science and Google Scholar. Research Synthesis Methods , 7, 34–45. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macabasco-O’Connell, A. , & Fry-Bowers, E. K. (2011). Knowledge and perceptions of health literacy among nursing professionals. Journal of Health Communication , 16, 295–307. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, A. L. , Bauman, A. , Owen, N. , Booth, M. L. , Crawford, D. , & Marcus, B. H. (2003). Population-based randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 25, 194–202. PMID: 12763714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, A. L. , Leslie, E. R. , Bauman, A. E. , Marcus, B. H. , & Owen, N. (2003). Print versus website physical activity programs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 25, 88–94. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00111-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, R. (1990). Knowledge problems in physical education. In the American Academy of Physical Education Papers No. 24, New possibilities, new paradigms? (pp. 93–99). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/new-possibilities-new-paradigms-sixty-second-annual-meeting-new-orleans-louisiana-march-27-28-1990/oclc/22733597&referer=brief_results
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, G. , & Villaire, M. (2009). Enhancing written communications to address health literacy. OJIN: the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing , 14. doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No03Man03
   Google Scholar
• McNeal, B. , Salisbury, Z. , Baumgardner, P. , & Wheeler, F. C. (1984). Comprehension assessment of diabetes education program participants. Diabetes Care , 7, 232–235. doi:10.2337/diacare.7.3.232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, K. H. C. (1998). An examination of three perspectives on nutrition education materials: The curriculum expert, the dietitian, and the patient (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5463446
   Google Scholar
• Michielutte, R. , Bahnson, J. , Dignan, M. B. , & Schroeder, E. M. (1992). The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure. Journal of Cancer Education , 7, 251–260. doi:10.1080/08858199209528176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore, L. V. , Fulton, J. , Kruger, J. , & McDivitt, J. (2010). Knowledge of physical activity guidelines among adults in the United States, HealthStyles 2003-2005. Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 7, 141–149. http://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/abs/10.1123/jpah.7.2.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morony, S. , Flynn, M. , McCaffery, K. J. , Jansen, J. , & Webster, A. C. (2015). Readability of written materials for CKD patients: A systematic review. American Journal of Kidney Disease , 65, 842–850. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, J. R. , Krzewinski-Malone, J. A. , Jackson, A. W. , Bungum, T. J. , & Fitzgerald, S. J. (2004). American adults’ knowledge of exercise recommendations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 75, 231–237. doi:10.1080/02701367.2004.10609156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motulsky, H. (2014). Intuitive biostatistics: A nonmathematical guide to statistical thinking (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neuhauser, L. , Rothschild, R. , & Rodríguez, F. M. (2007). MyPyramid.gov: Assessment of literacy, cultural and linguistic factors in the USDA food pyramid web site. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior , 39, 219–225. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, D. , Hamilton, V. , Egan, M. , & Petticrew, M. (2005). Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 1. Finding the evidence: How far should you go? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 59, 804–808. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.034181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics , 8, 157–159. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1164923
   Google Scholar
• Pagano, M. , & Gauvreau, K. (2000). Principles of biostatistics (Vol. 2). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, R. M. , Williams, M. V. , Weiss, B. D. , Baker, D. W. , Davis, T. C. , Doak, C. C. , … Schwartzberg, J. G. (1999). Health literacy-report of the council on scientific affairs. Journal of the American Medical Association , 281, 552–557. doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, H. E. , Moxley, V. B. A. , & MacDonald, E. (2015). Health behavior theory in physical activity game apps: A content analysis. JMIR Serious Games , 3. doi:10.2196/games.4187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignone, M. , DeWalt, D. A. , Sheridan, S. , Berkman, N. , & Lohr, K. N. (2005). Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 20, 185–192. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40208.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleasant, A. (2013). Health literacy around the world: Part 2. Health literacy within the United States and a global overview . Tucson, AZ: Canyon Ranch Institute. Retrieved from http://canyonranchinstitute.org/storage/documents/InTheNews/health%20literacy%20around%20the%20world%20part%202%201.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pleasant, A. , Cabe, J. , Patel, K. , Cosenza, J. , & Carmona, R. (2015). Health literacy research and practice: A needed paradigm shift. Health Communication , 30, 1176–1180. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1037426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestin, A. , Vieux, S. N. , & Chou, W.-Y. S. (2015). Is online health activity alive and well or flatlining? Findings from 10 years of the Health Information National Trends Survey. Journal of Health Communication , 20, 790–798. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1018590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed-Pierce, R. , & Cardinal, B. J. (1996). Readability of patient education materials. JNMS: Journal of the Neuromusculoskeletal System , 4, 8–11.
   Google Scholar
• Root, J. , & Stableford, S. (1999). Easy-to-read consumer communication: A missing link in Medicaid managed care. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law , 24, 1–26. doi:10.1215/03616878-24-1-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosal, M. C. , Ockene, I. S. , Restrepo, A. , White, M. J. , Borg, A. , Olendzki, B. , & Reed, G. (2011). Randomized trial of a literacy-sensitive, culturally tailored diabetes self-management intervention for low-income Latinos. Diabetes Care , 34, 838–844. doi:10.2337/dc10-1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin , 86(3), 638–641. Retrieved from http://datacolada.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/3386-Rosenthal-1979-The-file-drawer-problem-and-tolerance-for-null-results.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, R. E. (2010). Mismatch between skills of patients and tools in use: Might literacy affect diagnosed and research? The Journal of Rheumatology , 37, 885–886. doi:10.3899/jrheum.100135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Sabharwal, S. , Badarudeen, S. , & Kunju, S. U. (2008). Readability of online patient education materials from the AAOS website. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research , 446, 1245–1250. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0193-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safeer, R. S. , & Keenan, J. (2005). Health literacy: The gap between physicians and patients. American Family Physician , 72, 463–468. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0801/p463.html
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schary, D. P. , & Cardinal, B. J. (2015). Interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary research and teaching in kinesiology: Continuing the conversation. Quest , 67, 173–184. doi:10.1080/00336297.2015.1017586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schary, D. P. , & Cardinal, B. J. (2016a). Interdisciplinary publication patterns in select kinesiology journals. Journal of Contemporary Athletics , 10(2), 103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Schary, D. P. , & Cardinal, B. J. (2016b). Starting to uncover the mystery of interdisciplinary research in kinesiology. The Physical Educator , 73, 213–229. doi:10.18666/TPE-2016-V73-12-6184
   Google Scholar
• Schur, C. L. , Lucado, J. L. , & Feldman, J. (2011). Local public health capacities to address the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , 17, 177–186. doi:10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181fb0037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Sellers, D. B. , Thompson-Robinson, M. , Parra-Medina, D. , Wilcox, S. , Thompson, N. L. , & Will, J. C. (2003). Readability of educational resources targeting CVD risk factors in African Americans and women. American Journal of Health Studies , 18. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA109665204&v=2.1&u=s8405248&it=r&p=PPSM&sw=w&asid=a5a6fbfda6b23096c4fa3321060730a6
   Google Scholar
• Shelby, L. B. , & Vaske, J. J. (2008). Understanding meta-analysis: A review of the methodological literature. Leisure Sciences , 30, 96–110. doi:10.1080/01490400701881366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, S. L. , Halpern, D. J. , Viera, A. J. , Berkman, N. D. , Donahue, K. E. , & Crotty, K. (2011). Interventions for individuals with low health literacy: A systematic review. Journal of Health Communication , 16, 30–54. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, K. K. , Goins, E. S. , & Dailey, S. L. (2014). Organizations disseminating health messages: The roles of organizational identification and HITs. Health Communication , 29, 398–409. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.759896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagtow, A. M. , & Amos, R. J. (2000). Extent to which dietitians evaluate nutrition education materials. Journal of Nutrition Education , 32, 161–168. doi:10.1016/S0022-3182(00)70544-9
   Google Scholar
• * Thomas, J. D. , & Cardinal, B. J. (In press). Gibberish in communicating written physical activity information: Making strides at derailing a perpetual problem. Sociology of Sport Journal , Advance online publication. doi:10.1123/ssj.2017-0181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. J. (1999). Enhancing patient education: Addressing the issue of literacy. Physical Disabilities Special Interest Section Quarterly , 22, 3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vallance, J. , Lesniak, S. L. , Belanger, L. J. , & Courneya, K. S. (2010). Development and assessment of a physical activity guidebook for the Colon Health and Life-Long Exercise Change (CHALLENGE) trial (NCIC CO.21). Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 7, 794–801. doi:10.1123/jpah.7.6.794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallance, J. K. , Courneya, K. S. , Plotnikoff, R. C. , Yasui, Y. , & Mackey, J. R. (2007). Randomized controlled trial of the effects of print resources and step pedometers on physical activity and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology , 25, 2352–2359. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Vallance, J. K. , Taylor, L. M. , & Lavallee, C. (2008). Suitability and readability assessment of educational print resources related to physical activity: Implications and recommendations for practice. Patient Education and Counseling , 72, 342–349. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandelanotte, C. , Kirwan, M. , Rebar, A. , Alley, S. , Short, C. , Fallon, L. , & Duncan, M. J. (2014). Examining the use of evidence-based and social media supported tools in freely accessible physical activity intervention websites. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 11. doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0105-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske, J. J. , Gliner, J. A. , & Morgan, G. A. (2002). Communicating judgments about practical significance: Effect size, confidence intervals and odds ratios. Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 7, 287–300. doi:10.1080/10871200290089526
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, A. , & Joss, N. (2016). Research translation strategies to improve the readability of workplace health promotion resources. Evidence & Policy , 12, 593–603. doi:10.1332/174426415X14430869807268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Wallace, L. S. , Bielak, K. , & Linn, B. (2010). Are English-language pedometer instructions readable? Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 7, 375–380. doi:10.1123/jpah.7.3.375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. W. , Miller, M. J. , Schmitt, M. R. , & Wen, F. K. (2013). Assessing readability formula differences with written health information materials: Application, results, and recommendations. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy , 9, 503–516. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wantland, D. J. , Portillo, C. J. , Holzemer, W. L. , Slaughter, R. , & McGee, E. M. (2004). The effectiveness of web-based vs. non-web-based interventions: A meta-analysis of behavioral change outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research , 6. doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R. (1995). Editor’s viewpoint: Do you know the way to San José? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 66, iii–v. doi:10.1080/02701367.1995.10607649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R. (2008). “Riding the wave”: Transforming sport and exercise psychology within an interdisciplinary vision. Quest , 60, 63–83. doi:10.1080/00336297.2008.10483569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, B. J. , & Cardinal, B. J. (2003). Readability of waiver of liability forms used in collegiate intramural and recreational sports programs. Recreational Sports Journal , 27, 37–46. doi:10.1123/rsj.27.2.37
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead, D. , Bodenlos, J. S. , Cowles, M. L. , Jones, G. N. , & Brantley, P. J. (2007). A stage-targeted physical activity intervention among a predominantly African-American low-income primary care population. American Journal of Health Promotion , 21, 160–163. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.3.160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A. M. , Muir, K. W. , & Rosdahl, J. A. (2016). Readability of patient education materials in ophthalmology: A single-institution study and systematic review. BMC Ophthalmology , 16. doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0315-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, J. M. L. , & Martin, A. G. (2010). Analysis of patient information leaflets provided by a district general hospital by the Flesch and Flesch–Kincaid method. International Journal of Clinical Practice , 64, 1824–1831. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02408.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, F. L. , Mood, D. , & Nordstrom, C. K. (2010). The influence of easy-to-read pamphlets about self-care management of radiation side effects on patients’ knowledge. Oncology Nursing Forum , 37, 774–781. doi:10.1188/10.ONF.774-781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbottom, A. , Conner, M. , Mooney, A. , & Bekker, H. L. (2007). Evaluating the quality of patient leaflets about renal replacement therapy across UK renal units. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation , 22, 2291–2296. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zieff, S. G. (2011). Increasing physical activity for health one cultural critique at a time. Quest , 63, 118–129. doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar