Comparison of the hepatic and thyroid gland effects of sodium phenobarbital and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile in wild-type and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout rats

References

• Barter RA, Klaassen CD. (1992a). Rat liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward thyroxine: characterization, induction, and form specificity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115:261–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barter RA, Klaassen CD. (1992b). UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inducers reduce thyroid hormone levels in rats by an extrathyroidal mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113:36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke MD, Thompson S, Weaver RJ, et al. (1994). Cytochrome P450 specificities of alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylation in human and rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 48:923–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capen CC. (2001). Toxic responses of the endocrine system. In: Klaassen CD, ed. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 711–759.
   Google Scholar
• Choi CJ, Rushton EK, Vardy A, et al. (2017). Mode of action and human relevance of THF-induced mouse liver tumors. Toxicol Lett 276:138–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SM. (2010). Evaluation of possible carcinogenic risk to humans based on liver tumors in rodent assays: the two-year bioassay is no longer necessary. Toxicol Pathol 38:487–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft E, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. (2002). Comparative responsiveness of hypothyroxinemia and hepatic enzyme induction in Long-Evans rats versus C57BL/6J mice exposed to TCDD-like and phenobarbital-like polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Toxicol Sci 68:372–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran PG, DeGroot J. (1991). The effect of hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs on thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland. Endocrin Rev 12:135–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi Y, Yamada T, Hirose Y, et al. (2009). Mode of action analysis for the synthetic pyrethroid metofluthrin-induced rat liver tumors: evidence for hepatic CYP2B induction and hepatocyte proliferation. Toxicol Sci 108:69–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellarco VL, McGregor D, Berry Sir C, et al. (2006). Thiazopyr and thyroid disruption: case study within the context of the 2006 IPCS human relevance framework for analysis of a cancer mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:793–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcombe CR, Peffer RC, Wolf D, et al. (2014). Mode of action and human relevance analysis for nuclear receptor-mediated liver toxicity: a case study with phenobarbital as a model constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator. Crit Rev Toxicol 44:64–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch JM, Osimitz TG, Gabriel K, et al. (2006). A mode of action for induction of thyroid gland tumors by pyrethrins in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 214:253–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes KP, Kouranova E, Tinker D, et al. (2017). Creation and preliminary characterization of pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor knockout rats. Drug Metab Dispos 45:1068–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold LS, Manley NB, Slone TH, Ward JM. (2001). Compendium of chemical carcinogens by target organ: results of chronic bioassays in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs, and monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 29:639–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines C, Chatham LR, Vardy A, et al. (2018). Comparison of the hepatic and thyroid gland effects of sodium phenobarbital in wild type and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) knockout rats and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile in wild type and pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout rats. Toxicology. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1080/00498254.2018.1437300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill RN, Crisp TM, Hurley PM, et al. (1998). Risk assessment of thyroid follicular cell tumors. Environ Health Perspect 106:447–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood A, Hashmi R, Klaassen CD. (1999a). Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on thyroid-follicular cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160:163–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood A, Liu J, Klaassen CD. (1999b). Effects of phenobarbital, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, and propylthiouracil on thyroid follicular cell proliferation. Toxicol Sci 50:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Zhang J, Washington M, et al. (2005). Xenobiotic stress induces hepatomegaly and liver tumors via the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor. Mol Endocrinol 19:1646–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff J, Cirvello J, Haseman J, Bucher J. (1991). Chemicals associated with site-specific neoplasia in 1394 long-term carcinogenesis experiments in laboratory rodents. Environ Health Perspect 93:247–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. (2001). Some thyrotropic agents: phenobarbital and its sodium salt. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 79:161–288.
   Google Scholar
• Lake BG. (2009). Species differences in the hepatic effects of inducers of CYP2B and CYP4A subfamily forms: relationship to rodent liver tumour formation. Xenobiotica 39:582–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake BG, Renwick AB, Cunninghame ME, et al. (1998). Comparison of the effects of some CYP3A and other enzyme inducers on replicative DNA synthesis and cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver. Toxicology 131:9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubet RA, Syi J-L, Nelson JO, Nims RW. (1990). Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 mediated alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activities in different species by prototype P-450 inducers. Chem Biol Interact 75:325–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maglich JM, Stoltz CM, Goodwin B, et al. (2002). Nuclear pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor regulate overlapping but distinct sets of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. Mol Pharmacol 62:638–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martignoni M, Groothuis GMM, de Kanter R. (2006). Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2:875–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain RM, Levin AA, Posch R, Downing JC. (1989). The effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism and excretion of thyroxine in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 99:216–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek BE, Bucher JR, Cohen SM, et al. (2003). A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:591–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore LB, Parks DJ, Jones SA, et al. (2000). Orphan nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor share xenobiotic and steroid ligands. J Biol Chem 275:15122–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda Y, Kushida M, Sumida K, et al. (2017). Mode of action analysis for rat hepatocellular tumors produced by the synthetic pyrethroid momfluorothrin: evidence for activation of the constitutive androstane receptor and mitogenicity in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 158:412–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omiecinski CJ, Vanden Heuvel JP, Perdew GH, Peters JM. (2011). Xenobiotic metabolism, disposition, and regulation by receptors: from biochemical phenomenon to predictors of major toxicities. Toxicol Sci 120:S49–S75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osimitz TG, Lake BG. (2009). Mode-of-action analysis for induction of rat liver tumors by pyrethrins: relevance to human cancer risk. Crit Rev Toxicol 39:501–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pondugula S, Pavek P, Mani S. (2016). Pregnane X receptor and cancer: context-specificity is key. Nucl Receptor Res 3:101198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renwick AB, Lavignette G, Worboys PD, et al. (2001). Evaluation of 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin and some other 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin derivatives and 7-benzyloxyquinoline as fluorescent substrates for rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 31:861–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J, Plummer SM, Rode A, et al. (2010). Human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) support the hypertrophic but not the hyperplastic response to the murine nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens phenobarbital and chlordane in vivo. Toxicol Sci 116:452–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer N, Ross J, Rode A, et al. (2008). A novel panel of mouse models to evaluate the role of human pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor in drug response. J Clin Invest 118:3228–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shizu R, Benoki S, Numakura Y, et al. (2013). Xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation associated with constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is enhanced by pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation in mice. PLoS One 8:e61802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudinger J, Liu Y, Madan A, et al. (2001). Coordinate regulation of xenobiotic and bile acid homeostasis by pregnane X receptor. Drug Met Dispos 29:1467–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinwell H, Rouquié D, Schorsch F, et al. (2014). Liver tumor formation in female rat induced by fluopyram is mediated by CAR/PXR nuclear receptor activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 70:648–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansell NR, Klaassen CD. (2001). Increased biliary excretion of thyroxine by microsomal enzyme inducers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 176:187–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei P, Zhang J, Egan-Hafley M, et al. (2000). The nuclear receptor CAR mediates specific xenobiotic induction of drug metabolism. Nature 407:920–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Moore R, Goldsworthy TL, et al. (2004). The orphan nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor is essential for liver tumor promotion by phenobarbital in mice. Cancer Res 64:7197–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinari K, Tien E, Negishi M, Honkakoski P. (2008). Receptor-mediated regulation of cytochromes P450. In: Ioannides C, ed. Cytochromes P450: role in the metabolism and toxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics. Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing, 417–448.
   Google Scholar