Beefcake and Cheesecake: Insights for Advertisers

References

• Alexander , Wayne M. and Judd , Ben Jr. 1978 . “Do Nudes in Ads Enhance Brand Recall?” . Journal of Advertising Research , 18 ( 1 ) : 47 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , Michael J. and Churchill , Gilbert A. Jr. 1977 . “The Impact of Physically Attractive Models on Advertising Evaluations,” . Journal of Marketing Research , 14 ( November ) : 538 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , M. 1982 . “Public Attitudes to Advertising,” . International Journal of Advertising , 1 ( April-June ) : 119 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Belch , Michael A. , Holgerson , Barbro E. , Belch , George E. and Koppman , Jerry . 1981 . “Psychophysiological and Cognitive Responses to Sex in Advertising,” . In Advances in Consumer Research , Edited by: Mitchell , Andrew A. Vol. 9 , 424 – 427 . St. Louis : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Bello , Daniel C. , Pitts , Robert E. and Etzel , Michael J. 1983 . “The Communication Effects of Controversial Sexual Content in Television Programs and Commercials,” . Journal of Advertising , 12 ( 3 ) : 32 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Steven P. and Stayman , Douglas M. 1992 . “Antecedents and Consequences of Attitude toward the Ad: A Meta-Analysis,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 19 ( June ) : 34 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero , Marjorie J. , Lumpkin , James R. and Madden , Charles S. 1989 . “Using Physical Attractiveness as an Advertising Tool: An Empirical Test of the Attraction Phenomenon,” . Journal of Advertising Research , 29 ( 4 ) : 16 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero , Marjorie J. , Lumpkin , James R. and Solomon , Paul J. 1984 . “Effects of Model Attractiveness on Sales Response,” . Journal of Advertising , 13 ( 1 ) : 17 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , Margaret C. 1995 . “When Attention-Getting Advertising Tactics Elicit Consumer Inferences of Manipulative Intent: The Importance of Balancing Benefits and Investments,” . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 4 ( 3 ) : 225 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Chestnut , Robert W. , LaChance , Charles C. and Lubitz , Amy . 1977 . “The ‘Decorative’ Female Model: Sexual Stimuli and the Recognition of Advertisements,” . Journal of Advertising , 6 ( 4 ) : 11 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich , Robert . 1992 . “Tracking the Invisible Men,” . Progressive Grocer , 71 ( 11 ) : 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Edell , Julie A. and Staelin , Richard . 1983 . “The Information Processing of Pictures in Print Advertisements,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 10 ( June ) : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , Richard , Jones , Abigail , Benfield , Andrew and Barlow , Matt . 1995 . “Overt Sexuality: A Discourse Analysis of Gender Responses,” . Journal of Consumer Policy , 18 ( June ) : 187 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Judd , Ben B. Jr. and Alexander , M. Wayne . 1983 . “On the Reduced Effectiveness of Some Sexually Suggestive Ads,” . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 11 ( 2 ) : 156 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Kardes , Frank R. 1996 . “In Defense of Experimental Consumer Psychology,” . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 5 ( 3 ) : 279 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , Kevin Lane . 1987 . “Memory Factors in Advertising: The Effect of Advertising Retrieval Cues on Brand Evaluations,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 14 ( 3 ) : 316 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriansky , Judy . 1995 . “Sex Simmers, Still Sells,” . Advertising Age , 66 ( special issue ) : 49
   Google Scholar
• LaTour , Michael S. 1990 . “Female Nudity in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Arousal and Ad Response,” . Psychology & Marketing , 7 ( 1 ) : 65 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• LaTour , Michael S. , Pitts , Robert E. and Snook , David-Luther C. 1990 . “Female Nudity, Arousal, and Ad Response: An Experimental Investigation,” . Journal of Advertising , 19 ( 4 ) : 51 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , Scott B. , Lutz , Richard J. and Belch , George E. 1986 . “The Role of Attitude Toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations,” . Journal of Marketing Research , 23 ( May ) : 130 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers-Levy , Joan and Maheswaran , Durairaj . 1991 . “Exploring Differences in Males' and Females' Processing Strategies,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 18 ( June ) : 63 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mick , David Glen and Politi , Laura G. 1989 . “Consumers' Interpretations of Advertising Imagery: A Visit to the Hell of Connotation,” . In Interpretive Consumer Research , Edited by: Hirschman , Elizabeth C. 85 – 96 . Provo , UT : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , Cyndec . 1993 . “They're Macho, and They're Back,” . Marketing News , 27 ( 24 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , Andrew A. 1986 . “The Effect of Verbal and Visual Components of Advertisements on Brand Attitudes and Attitude Toward the Advertisement,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 13 ( June ) : 12 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , Andrew A. and Olson , Jerry C. 1981 . “Are Product Attribute Beliefs the Only Mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attitude?” . Journal of Marketing Research , 18 ( August ) : 318 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , Bruce John and Sherman , Richard C. 1972 . “Who Responds to Sex in Advertising?” . Journal of Advertising Research , 12 ( 2 ) : 15 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , P. J. , Baher , Aylin , Gong , Bosco and Kane , Elyse . “Recall Levels of Sexuality in Advertising,” . American Marketing Association Educators' Proceedings . Edited by: Shimp , Terence A. , Sharma , Subhash , John , George , Quelch , John A. , Lindgren , John H. Jr. , Dillon , William , Gardner , Meryl Paula and Dyer , Robert F. pp. 2 – 5 . Chicago : American Marketing Association .
   Google Scholar
• Patzer , Gordon L. 1979 . “A Comparison of Advertisement Effects: Sexy Female Communicator vs. Non-Sexy Female Communicator,” . In Advances in Consumer Research , Edited by: Olson , Jerry C. Vol. 7 , 359 – 364 . San Francisco : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Patzer , Gordon L. 1983 . “Source Credibility as a Function of Communicator Physical Attractiveness,” . Journal of Business Research , 11 ( 2 ) : 229 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , Robert A. and Kerin , Roger A. 1977 . “The Female Role in Advertisements: Some Experimental Evidence,” . Journal of Marketing , 41 ( 4 ) : 59 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , Leonard N. and Soley , Lawrence C. 1983 . “Decorative Models and the Readership of Magazine Ads,” . Journal of Advertising Research , 23 ( 2 ) : 27 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , David and Hartman , Timothy P. 1982 . “Sex Appeal in Advertising,” . Journal of Advertising Research , 22 ( 5 ) : 53 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciglimpaglia , Donald , Belch , Michael A. and Cain , Richard F. 1978 . “Demographic and Cognitive Factors Influencing Viewers' Evaluations of ‘Sexy’ Advertisements,” . In Advances in Consumer Research , Edited by: Wilkie , William L. Vol. 6 , 62 – 65 . Miami Beach : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , Linda M. 1994a . “Images in Advertising: The Need for a Theory of Visual Rhetoric,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 21 ( September ) : 252 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , Linda M. 1994b . “The Bridge from Text to Mind: Adapting Reader-Response Theory to Consumer Research,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 21 ( December ) : 461 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severn , Jessica , Belch , George E. and Belch , Michael A. 1990 . “The Effects of Sexual and Non-sexual Advertising Appeals and Information Level on Cognitive Processing and Communication Effectiveness,” . Journal of Advertising , 19 ( 1 ) : 14 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , Penny M. , Horton , Steve and Brown , Gene . 1996 . “Male Nudity in Advertisements: A Modified Replication and Extension of Gender and Product Effects,” . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 24 ( 3 ) : 257 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Steadman , Major . 1969 . “How Sexy Illustrations Affect Brand Recall,” . Journal of Advertising , 9 ( 1 ) : 15 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Barbara B. 1993 . “Feminist Literary Criticism and the Deconstruction of Ads: A Postmodern View of Advertising and Consumer Responses,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 19 ( March ) : 556 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Barbara B. and Holbrook , Morris B. 1994 . “Gender and Genre in the Interpretation of Advertising Text,” . In Gender Issues and Consumer Behavior , Edited by: Costa , Jancen Arnold . 11 – 41 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Sujan , Mita , Bettman , James R. and Baumgartner , Hans . 1993 . “Influencing Consumer Judgments Using Autobiographical Memories: A Self-Referencing Perspective,” . Journal of Marketing Research , 30 ( November ) : 422 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , Craig J. and Hirschman , Elizabeth C. 1995 . “Understanding the Socialized Body: A Poststructuralist Analysis of Consumers' Self-Conceptions, Body Images, and Self-Care Practices,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 22 ( September ) : 139 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller , Ralph B. , Roberts , C. Richard and Neuhaus , Colin . 1979 . “A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Erotic Content upon Advertising Brand Recall,” . In Current Issues and Research in Advertising , Edited by: Leigh , James H. and Martin , Claude R. Jr. 145 – 161 . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , Gordon L. , King , Alan L. and Merenski , J. Paul . 1974 . “Reactions to Sexy Ads Vary With Age,” . Journal of Advertising Research , 14 ( 4 ) : 11 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanot , E. J. 1984 . “Public Attitudes Towards Advertising: The American Experience,” . International Journal of Advertising , 3 ( 1 ) : 3 – 15 .
   Google Scholar