1,951
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Have No Fear: How Individuals Differing in Uncertainty Avoidance, Anxiety, and Chance Belief Process Health Risk Messages

, &

REFERENCES

  • Albarracín, Dolores, Jeffrey C. Gillette, Allison N. Earl, Laura R. Glasman, Marta R. Durantini, and Moon-Ho Ho (2005), “A Test of Major Assumptions About Behavior Change: A Comprehensive Look at the Effects of Passive and Active HIV-Prevention Interventions since the Beginning of the Epidemic,” Psychological Bulletin, 131 (6), 856–97.
  • Arrindell, W.A., Martin Eisemann, Tian P.S. Oei, Vicente E. Caballo, Ezio Sanavio, Claudio Sica, et al. (2004), “Phobic Anxiety in 11 Nations: Part II. Hofstede's Dimensions of National Cultures Predict National-Level Variations,” Personality and Individual Differences, 37 (3), 627–43.
  • Burker, Eileen J., Kristin M. Phillips, and Mallory Giza (2012), “Factors Related to Health Locus of Control among Lung Transplant Candidates,” Clinical Transplantation, 26 (5), 748–54.
  • Burnett, John J. (1981), “Internal–External Locus of Control as a Moderator of Fear Appeals,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 66 (3), 390–93.
  • Byrne, Barbara M. (2004), “Testing for Multigroup Invariance Using Amos Graphics: A Road Less Traveled,” Structural Equation Modeling, 11 (2), 272–300.
  • Cauberghe, Verolien, Patrick De Pelsmacker, Wim Janssens, and Nathalie Dens (2009), “Fear, Threat, and Efficacy in Threat Appeals: Message Involvement as a Key Mediator to Message Acceptance,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41 (2), 276–85.
  • Croyle, Robert T., Yi-Chun Sun, and Douglas H. Louie (1993), “Psychological Minimization of Cholesterol Test Results: Moderators of Appraisal in College Students and Community Residents,” Health Psychology, 12 (6), 503–507.
  • De Pelsmacker, Patrick, Verolien Cauberghe, and Nathalie Dens (2011), “Fear Appeal Effectiveness for Familiar and Unfamiliar Issues,” Journal of Social Marketing, 1 (3), 171–91.
  • Earl, Allison, and Dolores Albarracín (2007), “Nature, Decay, and Spiraling of the Effects of Fear-Inducing Arguments and HIV Counseling and Testing: A Meta-Analysis of the Short-and Long-Term Outcomes of HIV-Prevention Interventions,” Health Psychology, 26 (4), 496–506.
  • Gallopel-Morvan, Karine, Patrick Gabriel, Marine Le Gall-Ely, Sophie Rieunier, and Bertrand Urien (2011), “The Use of Visual Warnings in Social Marketing: The Case of Tobacco,” Journal of Business Research, 64 (1), 7–11.
  • Grotz, Marlene, Ulfert Hapke, Thomas Lampert, and Harald Baumeister (2011), “Health Locus of Control and Health Behaviour: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey,” Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 16 (2), 129–40.
  • Hair, Joseph, William Black, Barry Babin, Rolph Anderson, and Ronald Tatham (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Routledge.
  • Hastall, Matthias R., and Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick (2013), “Severity, Efficacy, and Evidence Type as Determinants of Health Message Exposure,” Health Communication, 28 (4), 378–88.
  • Hofstede, Geert (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Routledge.
  • House, Robert J., Paul J. Hanges, Mansour Javidan, Peter W. Dorfman, and Vipin Gupta (2004), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks, CA Routledge.
  • Jansen, Carel, Jos Van Baal, and Eefje Bouwmans (2006), “Investigating Culturally Oriented Fear Appeals in Public Information Document on HIV/AIDS,” Journal of Intercultural Communication, 11, 1–16.
  • Lee, Hyung-Seok, and Jin Seong Park (2012), “Cultural Orientation and the Persuasive Effects of Fear Appeals: The Case of Anti-Smoking Public Service Announcements,” Journal of Medical Marketing: Device, Diagnostic, and Pharmaceutical Marketing, 12 (2), 73–80.
  • Maheswaran, Durairja, and Joan Meyers-Levy (1990), “The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement,” Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 361–67.
  • Morales, Andrea C., Eugenia C. Wu, and Gavan Fitzsimons (2012), “How Disgust Enhances the Effectiveness of Fear Appeals,” Journal of Marketing Research, 49 (3), 383–93.
  • Murray-Johnson, Lisa, Kim Witte, Wen-Ying Liu, and Anne P. Hubbell (2001), “Addressing Cultural Orientations in Fear Appeals: Promoting AIDS-Protective Behaviors among Mexican Immigrant and African American Adolescents and American and Taiwanese College Students,” Journal of Health Communication, 6, 335–58.
  • Muthusamy, Nithya, Timothy R. Levine, and Rene Weber (2009), “Scaring the Already Scared: Some Problems with HIV/AIDS Fear Appeals in Namibia,” Journal of Communication, 59 (2), 317–44.
  • Peters, Gjalt‐Jorn Y., Robert A.C. Ruiter, and Gerjo Kok (2013), “Threatening Communication: A Critical Re-Analysis and a Revised Meta-Analytic Test of Fear Appeal Theory,” Health Psychology Review, 7 (1), 8–31.
  • Ping, Robert A., Jr. (2004), “On Assuring Valid Measures for Theoretical Models Using Survey Data,” Journal of Business Research, 57 (2), 125–41.
  • Popova, Lucy (2012), “The Extended Parallel Process Model Illuminating the Gaps in Research,” Health Education and Behavior, 39 (4), 455–73.
  • Reardon, James, Chip Miller, Bram Foubert, Irena Vida, and Liza Rybina (2006), “Antismoking Messages for the International Teenage Segment: The Effectiveness of Message Valence and Intensity across Different Cultures,” Journal of International Marketing, 14 (3), 115–38.
  • Ruiter, Robert A.C., Charles Abraham, and Gerjo Kok (2001), “Scary Warnings and Rational Precautions: A Review of the Psychology of Fear Appeals,” Psychology and Health, 16 (6), 613–30.
  • ———, Gerjo Kok, Bas Verplanken, and Johannes Brug (2001), “Evoked Fear and Effects of Appeals on Attitudes to Performing Breast Self-Examination: An Information-Processing Perspective,” Health Education Research, 16 (3), 307–19.
  • ———, Bas Verplanken, David De Cremer, and Gerjo Kok (2004), “Danger and Fear Control in Response to Fear Appeals: The Role of Need for Cognition,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26 (1), 13–24.
  • Sánchez-Franco, Manuel J., Francisco J. Martínez-López, and Félix A. Martín-Velicia (2009), “Exploring the Impact of Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance in Web-Based Electronic Learning: An Empirical Analysis in European Higher Education,” Computers and Education, 52 (3), 588–98.
  • Santos, J. Reynaldo A. (1999), “Cronbach's Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales,” Journal of Extension, 37 (2), 1–5.
  • van ‘t Riet, Jonathan, and Robert A.C. Ruiter (2013), “Defensive Reactions to Health-Promoting Information: An Overview and Implications for Future Research,” Health Psychology Review, 7 (Suppl.), 104–36.
  • Venaik, Sunil, and Paul Brewer (2013), “Critical Issues in the Hofstede and GLOBE National Culture Models,” International Marketing Review, 30 (5), 469–82.
  • Vincent, Anne-Marie, and Alan J. Dubinsky (2005), “Impact of Fear Appeals in a Cross-Cultural Context,” Journal of Euromarketing, 14 (1–2), 145–67.
  • Wallston, Kenneth A., Barbara Strudler Wallston, and Robert DeVellis (1978), “Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales,” Health Education and Behavior, 6 (1), 160–70.
  • Witte, Kim (1992), “Putting the Fear Back into Fear Appeals: The Extended Parallel Process Model,” Communication Monographs, 59, 329–49.
  • ——— (1993), “A Theory of Cognition and Negative Affect: Extending Gudykunst and Hammer's Theory of Uncertainty and Anxiety Reduction,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17 (2), 197–215.
  • ——— (1994), “Fear Control and Danger Control: A Test of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM),” Communication Monographs, 61 (2), 113–34.
  • ———, and Mike Allen (2000), “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns,” Health Education and Behavior 27 (5), 591–615.
  • ———, and Kelly Morrison (2000), “Examining the Influence of Trait Anxiety/Repression–Sensitization on Individuals’ Reactions to Fear Appeals,” Western Journal of Communication, 64 (1), 1–27.
  • Wrightson, K.J., and J. Wardle (1997), “Cultural Variation in Health Locus of Control,” Ethnicity and Health, 2 (1–2), 13–20.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.