The effects of alcohol tax policies on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders in Mainland of China: an interrupted time series analysis from 1961–2019

References

• WHO. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [accessed 2018 Sept 20]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
   Google Scholar
• Casswell S, Thamarangsi T. Reducing harm from alcohol: call to action. Lancet. 2009;373:2247–57. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60745-5. PubMed PMID: 19560606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Scaling up action against noncommunicable diseases: how much will it cost? Geneva World Health Organization. 2011;76:431–42.
   Google Scholar
• Chaloupka FJ, Grossman M, Saffer H. The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Res Health. 2002;26:22–34. PubMed PMID: 12154648; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6683806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babor TF, Casswell S, Graham K, Huckle T, Livingston M, Rehm J, Room R, Rossow I, Sornpaisarn B. Alcohol: no ordinary commodity —a summary of the third edition. Addiction. 2022;117:3024–36. doi:10.1111/add.16003. PubMed PMID: 36321607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng CS, Au M, Ma R, Leung JYY, Quan J. The impact of alcohol pricing policies on public health in Hong Kong, China: a modelling study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;26:100510. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100510. Epub 20220624. PubMed PMID: 35789827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9250035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagenaar AC, Salois MJ, Komro KA. Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies. Addiction. 2009;104:179–90. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02438.x. PubMed PMID: 19149811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sornpaisarn B, Shield KD, Cohen J, Schwartz R, Rehm J. Elasticity of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and drinking initiation in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2013;2:45. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.50.
   Google Scholar
• Burton R, Henn C, Lavoie D, O’Connor R, Perkins C, Sweeney K, Greaves F, Ferguson B, Beynon C, Belloni A, et al. A rapid evidence review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alcohol control policies: an English perspective. Lancet. 2017;389:1558–80. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32420-5. Epub 20161202. PubMed PMID: 27919442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guindon GE, Zhao K, Fatima T, Garasia S, Quinn N, Baskerville NB, Paraje G. Prices, taxes and alcohol use: a systematic umbrella review. Addiction. 2022;117:3004–23. doi:10.1111/add.15966. Epub 20220628. PubMed PMID: 35661298; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9796894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegfried N, Parry C, Zaller N. Do alcohol control policies work? An umbrella review and quality assessment of systematic reviews of alcohol control interventions (2006 – 2017). PloS One. 2019;14:e0214865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214865. Epub 20190410. PubMed PMID: 30969992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6457561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38:217–29. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.005. PubMed PMID: 20117579; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3735171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm D, Moro D, Bertram M, Pretorius C, Gmel G, Shield K, Rehm J. Are the “best buys” for alcohol control still valid? An update on the comparative cost-effectiveness of alcohol control strategies at the global level. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2018;79:514–22. doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.514. PubMed PMID: 30079865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu A, Jiang H, Dowling R, Guo L, Zhao X, Hao W, Xiang, X. The transition of alcohol control in China 1990-2019: impacts and recommendations. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;105:103698. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103698. Epub 20220426. PubMed PMID: 35483250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9247746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YL, Xiang XJ, Wang XY, Cubells JF, Babor TF, Hao W. Alcohol and alcohol-related harm in China: policy changes needed. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:270–76. doi:10.2471/blt.12.107318. Epub 20130122. PubMed PMID: 23599550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3629448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X, Huang YG. The development of alcohol policy in contemporary China. J Food Drug Anal. 2015;23:19–29. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.002. Epub 20141108. PubMed PMID: 28911442; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9351742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung RY, Kim JH, Yip BH, Wong SY, Wong MC, Chung VC, Griffiths SM. Alcohol tax policy and related mortality. An age-period-cohort analysis of a rapidly developed Chinese population, 1981–2010. PloS One. 2014;9:e99906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099906. Epub 20140825. PubMed PMID: 25153324; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4143164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung VC, Yip BH, Griffiths SM, Yu EL, Kim JH, Tam WW, Wong AH, Chan IW, Lau JT. The impact of cutting alcohol duties on drinking patterns in Hong Kong. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48:720–28. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt065. Epub 20130703. PubMed PMID: 23825091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Wong AH, Goggins WB, Lau J, Griffiths SM. Drink driving in Hong Kong: the competing effects of random breath testing and alcohol tax reductions. Addiction. 2013;108:1217–28. doi:10.1111/add.12116. Epub 20130301. PubMed PMID: 23316754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun VC, Lin H, Kim JH, Yip BH, Chung VC, Wong MC, Yu ITS, Griffiths SM, Tian L. Impacts of alcohol duty reductions on cardiovascular mortality among elderly Chinese: a 10-year time series analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:514–18. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201859. Epub 20130227. PubMed PMID: 23447645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong EC, Kim JH, Goggins WB, Lau J, Wong SYS, Griffiths SM. Chinese women’s drinking patterns before and after the Hong Kong alcohol policy changes. Alcohol Alcohol. 2018;53:477–86. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agy010. PubMed PMID: 29939226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization WH. Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 [accessed 2010 Jun 16]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44395.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Political declaration of the third high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 11]. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB150/B150_7Add1-en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• (UNSD) UNSD. SDG indicators: global indicator framework for the sustainable development goals and targets of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2019 [accessed 2019 Sept 13]. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Global information system on alcohol and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; [accessed 2022 Dec 18]. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/global-information-system-on-alcohol-and-health.
   Google Scholar
• IHME. GBD compare data visualization seattle. WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2020. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
   Google Scholar
• Kontopantelis E, Doran T, Springate DA, Buchan I, Reeves D. Regression based quasi-experimental approach when randomisation is not an option: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h2750. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2750. Epub 20150609. PubMed PMID: 26058820; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4460815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden A. A matching framework to improve causal inference in interrupted time-series analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24:408–15. doi:10.1111/jep.12874. Epub 20171220. PubMed PMID: 29266646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Room R, Hao W. Alcohol and related health issues in China: action needed. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e190–1. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)70017-3. PubMed PMID: 25794669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie MC, Langenberg P, Villaveces A, Dischinger PC, Simoni-Wastila L, Hoke K, Smith GS. Effect of Maryland’s 2011 alcohol sales tax increase on alcohol-positive driving. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53:17–24. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.011. Epub 20170323. PubMed PMID: 28343854; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5497300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar AC, Maldonado-Molina MM, Wagenaar BH. Effects of alcohol tax increases on alcohol-related disease mortality in Alaska: time-series analyses from 1976 to 2004. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:1464–70. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.131326. Epub 20081113. PubMed PMID: 19008507; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2707462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Molina MM, Wagenaar AC. Effects of alcohol taxes on alcohol-related mortality in Florida: time-series analyses from 1969 to 2004. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34:1915–21. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01280.x. PubMed PMID: 20659073; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2965314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar AC, Tobler AL, Komro KA. Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:2270–78. doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.186007. Epub 20100923. PubMed PMID: 20864710; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2951962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugar, Tobacco, and Alcohol Taxes (STAX) Group. Sugar, tobacco, and alcohol taxes to achieve the SDGs. Lancet. 2018;391:2400–01. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31219-4. Epub 20180529. Epub 20180529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summan A, Stacey N, Birckmayer J, Blecher E, Chaloupka FJ, Laxminarayan R. The potential global gains in health and revenue from increased taxation of tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages: a modelling analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e002143. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002143. Epub 20200329. PubMed PMID: 32337082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7170424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson LA, Lawman HG, Bleich SN, Yan J, Mitra N, LeVasseur MT, Lowery CM, Roberto CA. No evidence of food or alcohol substitution in response to a sweetened beverage tax. Am J Prev Med. 2021;60:e49–e57. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.021. PubMed PMID: 33349471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Chaloupka FJ. The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Res Health. 2011;34:236–45. PubMed PMID: 22330223; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3860576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes J, Meier PS, Booth A, Guo Y, Brennan A. The temporal relationship between per capita alcohol consumption and harm: a systematic review of time lag specifications in aggregate time series analyses. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123:7–14. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.005. Epub 20111222. PubMed PMID: 22197480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Livingston M, Room R, Gan Y, English D, Chenhall R. Can public health policies on alcohol and tobacco reduce a cancer epidemic? Australia’s experience. BMC Med. 2019;17:213. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1453-z. Epub 20191127. PubMed PMID: 31771596; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6880568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaloupka FJ, Powell LM, Warner KE. The use of excise taxes to reduce tobacco, alcohol, and sugary beverage consumption. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:187–201. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043816. Epub 20190102. PubMed PMID: 30601721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO technical manual on tobacco tax administration. Geneva, Switzerland 2012 [accessed 2012 Jun 16]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978924563994.
   Google Scholar
• Alcohol and Public Policy Group. Alcohol: no ordinary commodity–a summary of the second edition. Addiction. 2010;105:769–79. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02945.x. Epub 20100319. Epub 20100319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Global status report: alcohol policy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 [accessed 2012 Jun 16]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42801.
   Google Scholar
• Sornpaisarn B, Shield KD, Rehm J. Alcohol taxation policy in Thailand: implications for other low- to middle-income countries. Addiction. 2012;107:1372–84. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03681.x. Epub 20120211. PubMed PMID: 22324742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Xiang X, Room R, Hao W. Alcohol and the sustainable development goals. Lancet. 2016;388:1279–80. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31673-7. PubMed PMID: 27673466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blecher EH, van Walbeek CP. Cigarette affordability trends: an update and some methodological comments. Tob Control. 2009;18:167–75. doi:10.1136/tc.2008.026682. Epub 20090129. PubMed PMID: 19179369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette JG, Ross CS, Naimi TS. The rise and fall of alcohol excise taxes in U.S. States, 1933-2018. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020;81:331–38. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.331. PubMed PMID: 32527385; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7299191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics NBo. Per capita disposable income of Chinese residents. National Bureau of Statistics; 2023. https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01&zb=A0A01&sj=2021.
   Google Scholar
• LeClercq J, Bernard S, Mucciaccio F, Esser MB. Prospective analysis of minimum pricing policies to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms in U.S. States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2021;82:710–19. doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.710. PubMed PMID: 34762030; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8819621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M, Mackay D, Giles L, Lewsey J, Richardson E, Beeston C. Evaluating the impact of minimum unit pricing (MUP) on off-trade alcohol sales in Scotland: an interrupted time-series study. Addiction. 2021;116:2697–707. doi:10.1111/add.15478. Epub 20210329. PubMed PMID: 33723866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockwell T, Zhao J, Giesbrecht N, Macdonald S, Thomas G, Wettlaufer A. The raising of minimum alcohol prices in Saskatchewan, Canada: impacts on consumption and implications for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:e103–10. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301094. Epub 20121018. PubMed PMID: 23078488; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3519328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar