Using Computers to Help Pupils Tell the Time, is Feedback Necessary?

REFERENCES

• Arkin , R.M. and Schumann , D.W. 1984 . Effects on corrective testing: an extention, . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 835 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , R.C. , Kulhavy , W. and Andre , T. 1971 . Feedback procedures in programmed instructions, . Journal of Educational Psychology , 62 : 148 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozic , N.M. , Hill , E.W. and Tobin , M.J. 1993 . Preschool visually impaired children: visual stimulation and microcomputers. . Child Care Health and Development , 19 : 25 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J.S. and Burton , R.R. 1978 . Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills, . Cognitive Science , 2 : 155 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , J. 1984 . Instructional learner feedback: a literature review with implications for software development, . Computing Teacher , 12 : 53 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Cromer , R.F. 1987 . Language growth with experience without feedback, . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 16 : 223 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynor , P. 1981 . The effect of feedback delay on retention of computer‐based mathematics material, . Journal of Computer‐based Instruction , 8 : 28 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilman , D.A. 1969 . Comparison of several feedback methods for correcting errors by computer‐assisted instructions, . Journal of Educational Psychology , 60 : 503 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , A. , Fletcher , B. and Messer , D. 1988 . Effects of experience on microcomputer use in primary schools: results of a second survey, . Journal of Computer‐assisted Learning , 4 : 214 – 226 . (C.)
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. and Kane , K. 1992 . Development and task factors in Logo programming, . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 8 : 29 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Karmiloff‐Smith , A. 1986 . From meta‐processes to conscious access: evidence from children's metalinguistic and repair data, . Cognition , 23 : 95 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmiloff‐Smith , A. 1992 . Beyond Modularity: a developmental perspective on cognitive science , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , B.B. 1985 . A dozen ways to put your classroom computer to work....at last, . Curriculum Review , 25 : 40 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• McShane , J. 1991 . Cognitive Development , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Messer , D.J. , Joiner , R. , Loveridge , N. , Light , P. and Littleton , K.L. 1993 . Influences on the effectiveness of peer interaction, . Social Development , 2 : 279 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Messer , D.J. , Godfrey , K. and Pine , K.J. Modelling and Guided Participation in a Balance Beam Task . Presentation given at the BPS Developmental Section Conference . University of Strathclyde .
   Google Scholar
• Messer , D. , Norgate , S. , Joiner , R. , Littleton , K. and Light , P. 1996 . Development without Learning? . Educational Psychology , 16 (1) : 5 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Pascual‐Leone , J. 1984 . “ Attention, dialectic, and mental effort: towards an orgasmic theory of life stages ” . In Beyond Formal Operations: late adolescent and adult cognitive development , Praeger : New York .
   Google Scholar
• Pressey , S.L. 1926 . A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores and teaches, . School and Society , 23 : 373 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Pressey , S.L. 1932 . A 3rd and 4th contribution toward the coming industrial revolution in education, . School and Society , 36 : 668 – 672 .
   Google Scholar
• Pressey , S.L. 1950 . Development and appraisal of devices providing immediate automatic scoring of objective tests and concomitant self instruction, . Journal of Psychology , 29 : 417 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin , R.J. and Trepper , T. 1978 . Retention and delay of feedback in a computer‐assisted instruction: one aid for teachers in reading, . Journal of Experimental Education , 46 : 67 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmel , B.J. A Meta‐analysis of Feedback to Learners in Computerized and Programmed Instruction . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Montreal, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Schunk , D and Swartz , C. 1993 . Goals and progress, . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 18 : 337 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturges , P.T. 1978 . Delay of information feedback in computer‐assisted testing, . Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 378 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait , K. , Hartley , J.R. and Anderson , R.C. 1973 . Feedback procedures in computer‐assisted arithmetic instruction, . Journal of Educational Psychology , 43 : 161 – 171 .
   Google Scholar