Transforming online teaching practice: critical analysis of the literature on the roles and competencies of online teachers

References

• Anderson , T. , Rourke , L. , Garrison , D. and Archer , W. 2001 . Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 5 ( 2 ) : 1 – 17 . Retrieved from http://sloanconsortium.org/publications/jaln_main
   Google Scholar
• Aydin , C. 2005 . Turkish mentors’ perception of roles, competencies and resources for online teaching . Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education , 6 ( 3 ) Retrieved from http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/
   Google Scholar
• Baran , E. and Correia , A.-P. 2009 . Student-led facilitation strategies in online discussions . Distance Education , 30 ( 3 ) : 339 – 361 . doi: 10.1080/01587910903236510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawane , J. and Spector , J. 2009 . Prioritization of online instructor roles: Implications for competency-based teacher education programs . Distance Education , 30 ( 3 ) : 383 – 397 . doi: 10.1080/01587910903236536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. and Lockyer , L. 2004 . Becoming an online teacher: Adapting to a changed environment for teaching and learning in higher education . Educational Media International , 41 ( 3 ) : 231 – 248 . doi: 10.1080/09523980410001680842
   Google Scholar
• Berge , Z. 1995 . The role of the online instructor/facilitator . Educational Technology , 35 ( 1 ) : 22 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Berge , Z. 2009 . Changing instructor’s roles in virtual worlds . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 9 ( 4 ) : 407 – 415 . Retrieved from http://www.infoagepub.com/quarterly-review-of-distance-education.html
   Google Scholar
• Berge , Z. and Collins , M. 2000 . Perceptions of e-moderators about their roles and functions in moderating electronic mailing lists . Distance Education , 21 ( 1 ) : 81 – 100 . doi: 10.1080/0158791000210106
   Google Scholar
• Burbules , N. and Callister , T. 2000 . Universities in transition: The promise and the challenge of new technologies . The Teachers College Record , 102 ( 2 ) : 271 – 293 . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola , N. , Hiltz , S. and Rotter , N. 2002 . Becoming a virtual professor: Pedagogical roles and asynchronous learning networks . Journal of Management Information Systems , 18 ( 4 ) : 169 – 189 . Retrieved from http://www.jmis-web.org/toppage/index.html
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranton , P. 1994 . Understanding and promoting transformative learning: A guide for educators of adults , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Darabi , A.A. , Sikorski , E.G. and Harvey , R.B. 2006 . Validated competencies for distance teaching . Distance Education , 27 ( 1 ) : 105 – 122 . doi: 10.1080/01587910600654809
   Google Scholar
• Egan , T. and Akdere , M. 2005 . Clarifying distance education roles and competencies: Exploring similarities and differences between professional and student-practitioner perspectives . American Journal of Distance Education , 19 ( 2 ) : 87 – 103 . doi: 10.1207/s15389286ajde1902_3
   Google Scholar
• Evans , T. and Nation , D. 1993 . Reforming open and distance education: Critical reflections from practice , London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B.G. and Strauss , A.L. 1967 . The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research , New York , NY : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear , P. , Salmon , G. , Spector , J. , Steeples , C. and Tickner , S. 2001 . Competences for online teaching: A special report . Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 ( 1 ) : 65 – 72 . doi: 10.1007/BF02504508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsky , P. and Blau , I. 2009 . Online teaching effectiveness: A tale of two instructors . The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning , 10 ( 3 ) Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/index
   Google Scholar
• Graham, C., Cagiltay, K., Lim, B.-R., Craner, J., & Duffy, T. (2001, March/April). Seven principles of effective teaching: A practical lens for evaluating online courses. The Technology Source. Retrieved from http://www.technologysource.org/article/seven_principles_of_effective_teaching/
   Google Scholar
• Guasch , T. , Alvarez , I. and Espasa , A. 2010 . University teacher competencies in a virtual teaching/learning environment: Analysis of a teacher training experience . Teaching and Teacher Education , 26 ( 2 ) : 199 – 206 . doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2009.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell , S. , Saba , F. , Lindsay , N. and Williams , P. 2004 . Seven strategies for enabling faculty success in distance education . The Internet and Higher Education , 7 ( 1 ) : 33 – 49 . doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.005
   Google Scholar
• King , K.P. 2002 . Educational technology professional development as transformative learning opportunities . Computers & Education , 39 ( 3 ) : 283 – 297 . doi: 10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00073-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler , M.J. and Mishra , P. 2005 . What happens when teachers design educational technology? The development of technological pedagogical content knowledge . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 32 ( 2 ) : 131 – 152 . Retrieved from http://www.baywood.com/journals/previewjournals.asp?id=0735-6331
   Google Scholar
• Koehler , M.J. , Mishra , P. and Yahya , K. 2007 . Tracing the development of teacher knowledge in a design seminar: Integrating content, pedagogy and technology . Computers & Education , 49 ( 3 ) : 740 – 762 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreber , C. and Kanuka , H. 2006 . The scholarship of teaching and learning and the online classroom . Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education , 32 ( 2 ) : 109 – 131 . Retrieved from http://www.extension.usask.ca/cjuce/
   Google Scholar
• Laat , M. , Lally , V. , Lipponen , L. and Simons , R. 2007 . Online teaching in networked learning communities: A multi-method approach to studying the role of the teacher . Instructional Science , 35 ( 3 ) : 257 – 286 . doi: 10.1007/s11251-006-9007-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPointe , D. and Gunawardena , C. 2004 . Developing, testing and refining of a model to understand the relationship between peer interaction and learning outcomes in computer-mediated conferencing . Distance Education , 25 ( 1 ) : 83 – 106 . doi: 10.1080/0158791042000212477
   Google Scholar
• Larrivee , B. 2000 . Transforming teaching practice: Becoming the critically reflective teacher . Reflective Practice , 1 ( 3 ) : 293 – 307 . doi: 10.1080/14623940020025561
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M.-H. and Tsai , C.-C. 2010 . Exploring teachers’ perceived self efficacy and technological pedagogical content knowledge with respect to educational use of the World Wide Web . Instructional Science , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 . doi: 10.1007/s11251-008-9075-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major , C. 2010 . Do virtual professors dream of electric students? College faculty experiences with online distance education . Teachers College Record , 112 ( 8 ) : 2154 – 2208 . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane , K. 2004 . Integrating face-to-face and online teaching: Academics role concept and teaching choices . Teaching in Higher Education , 9 ( 1 ) : 3 – 16 . doi: 10/1080.1356251032000155795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezirow , J. 1991 . Transformative dimensions of adult learning , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Mezirow , J. 1997 . Transformative learning: Theory to practice . New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education , 1997 ( 74 ) : 5 – 12 . doi: 10.1002/ace.7401
   Google Scholar
• Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning to think like an adult. In J. Mezirow (Ed.), Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (pp. 3–34). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Miller , G. 2001 . General education and distance education: Two channels in the new mainstream . The Journal of General Education , 50 ( 4 ) : 314 – 322 . doi: 10.1353/jge.2001.0028
   Google Scholar
• Mishra , P. and Koehler , M.J. 2006 . Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge . Teachers College Record , 108 ( 6 ) : 1017 – 1054 . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natriello , G. 2005 . Modest changes, revolutionary possibilities: Distance learning and the future of education . Teachers College Record , 107 ( 8 ) : 1885 – 1904 . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson , K. 2002 . Reconfiguring faculty roles for virtual settings . Journal of Higher Education , 73 ( 1 ) : 123 – 140 . doi: 10.1353/jhe.2002.0010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennert-Ariev , P. 2008 . The hidden curriculum of performance-based teacher education . The Teachers College Record , 110 ( 1 ) : 105 – 138 . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo , T. and Benson , S. 2005 . Learning with invisible others: Perceptions of online presence and their relationship to cognitive and affective learning . Educational Technology & Society , 8 ( 1 ) : 54 – 62 . Retrieved from http://www.ifets.info/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon , G. 2004 . E-moderating: The key to teaching and learning online , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
   Google Scholar
• Schön , D. 1983 . The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action , London : Temple Smith .
   Google Scholar
• Schön , D. 1988 . Educating the reflective practitioner , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Schrum , L. and Hong , S. 2002 . Dimensions and strategies for online success: Voices from experienced educators . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 6 ( 1 ) : 57 – 67 . Retrieved from http://sloanconsortium.org/publications/jaln_main
   Google Scholar
• Smith , T. 2005 . Fifty-one competencies for online instruction . The Journal of Educators Online , 2 ( 2 ) : 1 – 18 . Retrieved from http://www.thejeo.com
   Google Scholar
• Spector , J.M. 2007 . “ Competencies for online teachers ” . In Finding your online voice: Stories told by experienced online educators , Edited by: Spector , J.M. 1 – 18 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Stein, D. (2000). Teaching critical reflection. (Myths and realities No. 7). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. (ED445256)
   Google Scholar
• Tallent-Runnels , M. , Thomas , J. , Lan , W. , Cooper , S. , Ahern , T. and Shaw , S. 2006 . Teaching courses online: A review of the research . Review of Educational Research , 76 ( 1 ) : 93 – 135 . doi: 10.3102/00346543076001093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. W. (1998). The theory and practice of transformative learning: A critical review. (Information Series No. 374). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. (ED423422)
   Google Scholar
• Téllez , K. 2007 . Have conceptual reforms (and one anti-reform) in preservice teacher education improved the education of multicultural, multilingual children and youth? . Teachers and Teaching , 13 ( 6 ) : 543 – 564 . doi: 10.1080/13540600701683457
   Google Scholar
• Valli , L. 1992 . “ Introduction ” . In Reflective teacher education: Cases and critiques , Edited by: Valli , L. xi – xxv . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Varvel , V. 2007 . Master online teacher competencies . Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration , 10 ( 1 ) Retrieved from http://www2.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/
   Google Scholar
• Wiesenberg , F. and Stacey , E. 2008 . Teaching philosophy: Moving from face-to-face to online classrooms . Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education , 34 ( 1 ) : 63 – 69 . Retrieved from http://www.extension.usask.ca/cjuce/
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. 2003 . Roles and competencies for distance education programs in higher education institutions . American Journal of Distance Education , 17 ( 1 ) : 45 – 57 . doi: 10.1207/S15389286AJDE1701_4
   Google Scholar